Abstract
Objective: To evaluate autonomic and cardiovascular function, as well as inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in ob/ob female mice.Methods: Metabolic parameters, cardiac function, arterial pressure (AP), autonomic, hormonal, inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers were evaluated in 12-weeks female wild-type (WT group) and ob/ob mice (OB group).Results: OB animals showed increased body weight, blood glucose, and triglyceride levels, along with glucose intolerance, when compared to WT animals. Ejection fraction (EF) and AP were similar between groups; however, the OB group presented diastolic dysfunction, as well as an impairment on myocardial performance index. Moreover, the OB group exhibited important autonomic dysfunction and baroreflex sensitivity impairment, when compared to WT group. OB group showed increased Angiotensin II levels in heart and renal tissues; decreased adiponectin and increased inflammatory markers in adipose tissue and spleen. Additionally, OB mice presented a higher damage to proteins and lipoperoxidation and lower activity of antioxidant enzymes in kidney and heart. Correlations were found between autonomic dysfunction with angiotensin II and inflammatory mediators, as well as between inflammation and oxidative stress.Conclusions: Our results showed that female adult ob/ob mice presented discrete diastolic dysfunction accompanied by autonomic disorder, which is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress in these animals.
Highlights
It is well-established that both type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity result from a combination of genetic factors and lifestyle (James, 1995; Must et al, 1999)
Regarding HR variability, there was a decrease in RMSSD index, LF and high-frequency band (HF) bands in ob group (OB) group when compared to the wild-type group (WT) group (Table 2)
The OB group exhibited a reduction of pulse interval (PI) variance (VAR-IP) and LF/HF ratio when compared to the WT group (Figures 2B,C)
Summary
It is well-established that both type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity result from a combination of genetic factors and lifestyle (James, 1995; Must et al, 1999). To observed in men, CVD is the major cause of mortality in women, especially after menopause (Go et al, 2014). An elegant study from Italy, showed that diabetes increased the risk of first ever ischemic stroke by more than 50% in both men and women (Policardo et al, 2015). Postmenopausal women at the age of 55–74 years presented a higher risk for ischemic stroke than men of comparable age. Females have a higher risk of developing cardiovascular complication due to diabetes than male. Impairment on endothelial response due to diabetes is more evident in women than in males, which alters the positive hemodynamic estrogen effects by complex interactions between insulin and estrogen signaling. It is essential to establish strategies for the treatment of CVD in women in order to reduce the morbidity and mortality rates among them
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