Abstract
Epidemiological studies have examined the effect of coffee intake on cardiovascular disease, but the benefits and risks for the cardiovascular system remain controversial. Our objective was to evaluate the association between coffee consumption and its polyphenols on cardiovascular risk factors. Data came from the “Health Survey of São Paulo (ISA-Capital)” among 557 individuals, in São Paulo, Brazil. Diet was assessed by two 24-h dietary recalls. Coffee consumption was categorized into <1, 1–3, and ≥3 cups/day. Polyphenol intake was calculated by matching food consumption data with the Phenol-Explorer database. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the associations between cardiovascular risk factors (blood pressure, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), triglycerides, fasting glucose, and homocysteine) and usual coffee intake. The odds were lower among individuals who drank 1–3 cups of coffee/day to elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.45; 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI): 0.26, 0.78), elevated diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (OR = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.20, 0.98), and hyperhomocysteinemia (OR = 0.32; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.93). Furthermore, significant inverse associations were also observed between moderate intake of coffee polyphenols and elevated SBP (OR = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.24, 0.87), elevated DBP (OR = 0.51; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.98), and hyperhomocysteinemia (OR = 0.29; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.78). In conclusion, coffee intake of 1–3 cups/day and its polyphenols were associated with lower odds of elevated SBP, DBP, and hyperhomocysteinemia. Thus, the moderate consumption of coffee, a polyphenol-rich beverage, could exert a protective effect against some cardiovascular risk factors.
Highlights
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are considered to be the leading global cause of death, accounting for 17.3 million deaths per year, which is predicted to rise to more than 23.6 million by 2030 [1].The main causes of CVD involve non-modifiable risk factors, in addition to the metabolic risk factors, that are targeted together with the behavioral risk factors, such as unhealthy diets [2]
A further significant difference by coffee consumption was found with prevalence of diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
The adjusted models demonstrated lower odds for systolic blood pressure (SBP), DBP, and homocysteine in individuals that were consuming 1–3 cups of coffee per day, than in individuals who drank less than 1 cup of coffee per day to elevated SBP (Odds Ratio (OR) 0.45, 95% Confidence Interval: 0.26, 0.78); elevated DBP, and hyperhomocysteinemia
Summary
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are considered to be the leading global cause of death, accounting for 17.3 million deaths per year, which is predicted to rise to more than 23.6 million by 2030 [1].The main causes of CVD involve non-modifiable risk factors, in addition to the metabolic risk factors, that are targeted together with the behavioral risk factors, such as unhealthy diets (rich in salt, saturated fat, and calories) [2]. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are considered to be the leading global cause of death, accounting for 17.3 million deaths per year, which is predicted to rise to more than 23.6 million by 2030 [1]. There are still food items whose role is controversial, such as coffee. Coffee has been considered an important dietary factor, because it is one of the most popular and widely consumed nonalcoholic beverages in the world. Finland is the largest coffee consumer market, followed by Brazil. In Brazil, the average coffee consumption is 5.9 kg per capita [3], with an estimated prevalence of intake of 79%, i.e., the second-most consumed food in the country [4]
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