Abstract
BackgroundEthnic differences in non-invasive measurements of carotid atherosclerosis are being increasingly reported, but the association between carotid atherosclerosis and different subtypes of hypertension in adult populations is not fully understood in different ethnicities. We aimed to investigate the association of carotid atherosclerosis with different subtypes of hypertension in different ethnicities in Xinjiang, a northwestern province in China.MethodsA total of 14,618 participants (5,757 Hans, 4,767 Uygurs, and 4,094 Kazakhs) from 26 villages of seven cities in Xinjiang were randomly selected from the Cardiovascular Risk Survey conducted during 2007 and 2010. A standard questionnaire, a physical examination and biochemical tests were employed.ResultsThe mean common carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) for the 14,618 participants was 0.86±0.003 mm. The CIMT gradually increased with age. Men (0.92±0.005 mm) had a higher CIMT than women (0.81±0.004 mm). The Uygur participants (0.82±0.006 mm) had a lower CIMT than the Han (0.88±0.005 mm) and Kazakh participants (0.88±0.005 mm). The overall prevalences of carotid intimal thickening and carotid plaques were 12.4% and 9.7%, respectively. The prevalence of CIMT varied for the different subtypes of hypertension. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed different risk factors for abnormal CIMT in different ethnicities. The associations between abnormal CIMT and the different subtypes of hypertension within different ethnic backgrounds were also different. The risk factors for abnormal CIMT included systolic-diastolic hypertension (SDH) in Han participants (OR: 1.323, 95% CI: 1.100–1.590), SDH (OR: 1.426, 95% CI: 1.160–1.753) and isolated-systolic hypertension (ISH) (OR: 1.844, 95% CI: 1.470–2.313) in Uygur participants, and isolated-diastolic hypertension (IDH) (OR: 1.536, 95% CI: 1.170–2.016) in Kazakh participants.ConclusionThere was an ethnic difference in the prevalence of abnormal CIMT in Xinjiang, a northwestern province in China. The associations between abnormal CIMT and the subtypes of hypertension varied among the different ethnic groups. Among the studied populations, Han participants with SDH, Uygur participants with SDH and ISH, and Kazakh with IDH were more likely to suffer carotid atherosclerosis than those with other subtypes of hypertension. Participants with different ethnic backgrounds had different sets of risk factors for abnormal CIMT.
Highlights
Atherosclerosis, a diffuse vascular disease, is a process in which fatty deposits, inflammatory cells, and scar tissue build up within the walls of arteries; this process is characteristically silent until it progresses to critical stenosis, thrombosis, aneurysm, or embolus supervenes in the lumens [1]
Carotid atherosclerosis and different subtype of hypertension abnormal carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) included systolic-diastolic hypertension (SDH) in Han participants (OR: 1.323, 95% CI: 1.100–1.590), SDH (OR: 1.426, 95% CI: 1.160–1.753) and isolated-systolic hypertension (ISH) (OR: 1.844, 95% CI: 1.470–2.313) in Uygur participants, and isolateddiastolic hypertension (IDH) (OR: 1.536, 95% CI: 1.170–2.016) in Kazakh participants
There was an ethnic difference in the prevalence of abnormal CIMT in Xinjiang, a northwestern province in China
Summary
Atherosclerosis, a diffuse vascular disease, is a process in which fatty deposits, inflammatory cells, and scar tissue build up within the walls of arteries; this process is characteristically silent until it progresses to critical stenosis, thrombosis, aneurysm, or embolus supervenes in the lumens [1]. Carotid arteries are important conduits that connect the heart and the brain and are thought to develop atherosclerosis earlier than coronary arteries. Carotid intima-media thickening and carotid plaques, which are measurement parameters of carotid atherosclerosis, can be measured by B-mode ultrasonography. Carotid intima thickening is thought to be an early predictor of atherosclerosis because it precedes the development of true atherosclerotic plaques. Some studies have shown that carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) measurements by B-mode ultrasonography may provide an independent assessment of coronary risk [3,4,5]. We aimed to investigate the association of carotid atherosclerosis with different subtypes of hypertension in different ethnicities in Xinjiang, a northwestern province in China
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