Association between cardio-metabolic risks and depressive symptoms among US adults (NHANES 2013–2018)

Abstract

ObjectivesTo elucidate the association between cardio-metabolic risk factors and depressive symptoms among US adults. MethodsData on 9,477 adults ≥ age 18 from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013–2018 were used. Number of cardio-metabolic risk (CMR) factors, from 0 to 5, was based on BMI, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and lipid levels. Depressive symptoms by Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) scores were categorized “no to mild symptoms” (0–9) and “clinically-significant depressive (CSD) symptoms” (10–27). Logistic regression analysis tested associations between CMR factors and CSD symptoms, adjusted for age, gender, education, income, race/ethnicity and smoking status. ResultsCSD symptoms were significantly associated with low HDL, abdominal obesity, and high triglycerides. Increased numbers of CMR factors were associated with increased odds of CSD symptoms, from 1.45 times for 1 CMR to 2.55 times for 5 CMRs. The cross-sectional nature of the present study has resulted in some limitations like the inability to determine the direction and causality of the effects between depression and CMR. The study data was subject to response bias and recall errors as the participants self-reported the use of medications. ConclusionsIn US adults, cardio-metabolic risk factors were associated with clinically-significant depressive symptoms. Public health and clinical programs should include screening for both health issues, intervention for modifiable risk factors, and support for social determinants of health.