Abstract
BackgroundThe association between breakfast skipping and abnormal metabolic outcomes remains controversial. A comprehensive study with various stratified data is required.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between abnormal metabolic outcomes and breakfast skipping by sex, age, and work status stratification.MethodsWe used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 2013 to 2018. A total of 21,193 (9022 men and 12,171 women) participants were included in the final analysis. The risk of metabolic outcomes linked to breakfast skipping was estimated using the negative binomial regression analysis by sex, work status, and age stratification.ResultsA total of 11,952 (56.4%) participants consumed breakfast regularly. The prevalence of abnormal metabolic outcomes was higher among those with irregular breakfast consumption habits. Among young male workers, negative binomial regression analysis showed that irregular breakfast eaters had a higher risk of abnormal metabolic outcomes, after adjusting for covariates (odds ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–1.27).ConclusionsThe risk of abnormal metabolic outcomes was significant in young men in the working population. Further studies are required to understand the association of specific working conditions (working hours or shift work) with breakfast intake status and the risk of metabolic diseases.
Highlights
Breakfast is the most important meal of the day because it helps the human body to start daily metabolism
The risk of abnormal metabolic outcomes was significant in young men in the working population
Further studies are required to understand the association of specific working conditions with breakfast intake status and the risk of metabolic diseases
Summary
Breakfast is the most important meal of the day because it helps the human body to start daily metabolism. The human body is regulated by circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms are influenced by the light–dark cycle, as well as by food uptake, which is the metabolic signal. Circadian regulation of metabolic genes affects metabolic outcomes in the human body, which signifies that feeding. Many studies have reported the association between breakfast skipping and health problems. A large, prospective study conducted in the US on middle-aged and older male health professionals in the US confirmed that eating breakfast was associated with a significantly lower risk of coronary heart disease [3]. The association between breakfast skipping and abnormal metabolic outcomes remains controversial. A comprehensive study with various stratified data is required
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