Abstract
PurposeThe current research is aimed at analyzing the relationship between kidney stone (KS) and abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) and the relationship between KS components and AAC.MethodsThis is a retrospective, case–control study. Kidney stone formers (KSFs) were treated at the Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University for urological calculus disease from January 2014 to January 2020. Matched non-stone formers (non-SFs) were drawn from the same hospital for routine health examination from January 2018 to February 2019. Research-related information was collected and reviewed retrospectively from the hospital’s computerized records. AAC were evaluated using available results of computed tomography imaging and abdominal vascular ultrasound. The relationships of AAC between KSFs and non-SFs were compared. The composition of renal calculi was analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometer. KSFs were divided into AAC groups and non-AAC based on AAC. The relationship of the composition of renal calculi between AAC and non-AAC were compared. The independent-sample t test, the chi-squared test and binary logistics regression were performed.ResultsAltogether, 4516 people were included, with 1027 KSFs and 3489 non-SFs. There were no significant differences in the laboratory parameters between KSFs and non-SFs. The association between the presence of AAC and KS was significant in multivariable model 2 [adjusting hypertension, diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose, uric acid, serum triglyceride (TG), serum calcium, and urine pH] (OR 5.756, 95% CI 4.616–7.177, p < 0.001). The result of KSFs showed that calcium oxalate calculi (CaOx) was significantly associated with AAC in multivariable model 3 (adjusting age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, drinking history, smoking history, and TG) (OR 1.351, 95% CI 1.002–1.822, p = 0.048).ConclusionsThe current study pioneered the revelation of the relationship between CaOx and AAC. Through an elimination of the confounding factors, the study demonstrated that KS and AAC were connected.
Highlights
MethodsNephrolithiasis, with a high recurrence rate of more than 50% within 10 years [1], is a problem faced by many, with a prevalence of about 10% in male and 6% in female [2]
There was a significant association between aortic calcification (AAC) and kidney stone formers (KSFs), which was not found among non-SFs with the unadjusted model 1
In multivariable model 1 that was designed to adjust age and gender, it was observed that KSFs had higher AAC
Summary
MethodsNephrolithiasis, with a high recurrence rate of more than 50% within 10 years [1], is a problem faced by many, with a prevalence of about 10% in male and 6% in female [2]. Abdominal CT has become an increasingly popular choice in the diagnosis of urinary calculi, as well as providing other imaging data. The American Urological Association’s (AUA) and the European Urological Association’s (EUA) guidelines on urolithiasis strongly recommend CT imaging before surgical intervention for nephrolithiasis [4, 5]. Epidemiologic study have provided evidence for an association between nephrolithiasis and cardiovascular disease [6]. When using CT colonography to assess the condition of the colon, the condition of AAC is introduced to assess the risk of any coronary arterial disease [7]. The increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in kidney stone formers (KSFs) is of great interest, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood and are mainly being explored
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