Assessment on Chemicals and Drugs Residue in Dairy and Poultry Products in Bishoftu and Modjo, Central Ethiopia

Occurrence of glycopeptide resistance among Enterococcus faecium isolates from conventional and ecological poultry farms.

BackgroundAntimicrobials are extensively used in cattle and poultry production in Tanzania. However, there is dearth of information on its quantitative use. A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted from August to September 2019 in randomly selected poultry and small-scale dairy farms, in three districts of Dar es Salaam City eastern, Tanzania, to assess the practice and quantify antimicrobial use. Descriptive and statistical analyses were performed at a confidence interval of 95%. The ratio of Used Daily Dose (UDD) and Defined Daily Dose (DDD) were used to determine whether the antimicrobial was overdosed or under dosed.ResultsA total of 51 poultry and 65 small-scale dairy farms were involved in the study. The route of antimicrobial administration was 98% orally via drinking water and 2% in feeds for poultry and for small-scale dairy farms, all through parenteral route. Seventeen types of antimicrobials comprising seven classes were recorded in poultry farms while nine belonging to six classes in the small dairy farms. Majority of the farms (poultry, 87.7% and small scale dairy, 84.3%) used antimicrobials for therapeutic purposes. About 41% of the poultry and one third (34%) of the dairy farmers’ were not compliant to the drug withdrawal periods. Beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, sulphonamides, tetracyclines and macrolides were the commonly used antimicrobials on these farms. In the poultry farms both those with records and those which relied on recall, antimicrobials were overdosed whereas in the small dairy farms, sulfadimidine, oxytetracycline and neomycin were within the appropriate dosing range (0.8–1.2). The majority (58.6%) of farmers had adequate level of practices (favorable) regarding antimicrobial use in cattle and poultry production. This was associated with the age and level of education of the cattle and poultry farmers.ConclusionThe study revealed a widespread misuse of antimicrobials of different types and classes in both poultry and small-scale dairy farming in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. This result gives insight into the antimicrobial use practices and its quantification. The information obtained can guide and promote prudent use of antimicrobials among the farmers by developing mitigate strategies that reduce antimicrobial resistance risk potentials.

Small scale dairy farms around the Addis Ababa milk and milk products value chain covers a significant portion of the milk demands of Ethiopian people. The demand for dairy and meat products is rapidly increasing resulting in the expansion of dairy and fattening farms. Likewise, a wide variety of antimicrobials (AMs) have been used for a variety of purposes. This coupled with the poor awareness level of farmers regarding antimicrobial drug residue (AMDR) in animals’ products pose a great threat to public health. This study is therefore conducted to assess the current antimicrobial utilization and post-administration management practice of livestock producers in the study area. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 90 purposively selected smallholder dairy farms in 3 districts of the Oromia region. All farms (n=90) reported the use of at least one class of antimicrobial for a variety of purposes. Anthelminthics and antibiotics (87.8% each), antiprotozoals (58.9%), multivitamins and other commercial supplements (42.2%) were the most frequently used veterinary products in the study area. About two-thirds (63.3%) of the respondents purchase and use drugs without prescription. Unrestricted veterinary drug access (X2=9.03, p=0.003) and the perception of high veterinary service costs (X2=11.1, p=0.001) were found to have a strong association with unprescribed drugs use. AMs were used for treatment (49.4%), prophylactic (18.6%), growth promotion (18.6%), and fattening (17.8%) purposes. Most of the respondents (57.8%) have no awareness about antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in milk and milk products. A strong association between the status of training and awareness level was observed, indicating the vital role of training in enhancing awareness level. A small majority (53.3%) of the respondent adhere to the recommended drug withdrawal period (DWP). Similar studies should be conducted in wider areas along the major milk value chain to get a big picture of the drug utilization status of dairy farms. Future works should quantify the level of veterinary drug residue (VDR) in dairy products.

The prevalence and types of aerobic bacterial contamination in multiple-dose veterinary medication vials (MDVs) in dairy and poultry farms in Khartoum state, Sudan were determined and evaluated in the present study. Samples from a total of 99 MDVs of 16 injectable and non-injectable drugs from 13 dairy and 5 poultry farms were investigated. Bacterial contamination was identified in 16/66 (24.2%) containers of injectable medications and in 20/33 (60.6%) containers of non-injectable medications. The isolates were biochemically differentiated to nine bacterial species; at least three of them are known as potential pathogens which were recovered from both injectable and non-injectable medications. No notable difference in bacterial contamination between poultry and dairy farms was observed in terms of bacterial types and percentage of contaminated farms, but it did exist between the relatively good and bad hygienic measures in both farm types. In conclusion, multiple-dose veterinary medication containers in animal farms are at risk of contamination by potentially pathogenic bacteria which may constitute a real threat to animal health. Therefore, all measures to prevent such contamination are necessary to be in action.

IVESTOCK and livestock production represent a major part of U. S. L agriculture. The sales of livestock and livestock products account for more than half of the value of all farm products sold. The inventory value of all livestock and poultry exceeds 10 billion dollars and is equivalent to about $2,500 per farm. More than 90 percent of all farms have some livestock and poultry. However, livestock production is the most important farm enterprise on only about a third of a million farms and the concentration of livestock production on a smaller number of farms has been increasing during recent years. For example, 86,000 dairy farms now have more than one-fifth of all the milk cows and sell more than two-fifths of all dairy products. About 41,000 poultry farms have about one-fifth of all the chickens and sell about three-fifths of all the poultry products. The 300,000 farms on which livestock and poultry production is the most important enterprise have over one-fifth of all the cattle, a third of all the hogs, one-half of the sheep and one-fourth of all the poultry in the United States. These 300,000 farms account for over one-fourth of all cattle sales, two-fifths of the hog sales, two-thirds of the sheep sales, and more than half the dollar sales of all livestock and livestock products. These background data indicate the importance of livestock and livestock production in our agricultural economy. Reasonably accurate data on livestock and livestock production are of significant economic importance to several hundred thousand farmers. They are essential to minimize blindman's bluff in the market place. Since its beginning in 1840, the Census of Agriculture has been concerned with the collection and publication of data regarding livestock and livestock production. Generally, the amount of data collected regarding livestock and poultry increased from census to census, although the number of inquiries in recent censuses has been limited in order to improve quality of the data and to provide for the collection of other information. In analyzing the census experience covering 16 nationwide censuses and almost 120 years, one concludes that the nationwide collection of satisfactory livestock data for 4 to 6 million farms is a difficult task and involves a number of problems. Even the job of obtaining a count of livestock is fraught with difficulties. Livestock numbers change every day of the year. Marketing is a continuous process. Livestock inventories are

To examine and compare the technical efficiency of dairy sector and the beef sector, this research introduced the main indicators of milk and beef production in the world, EU and Hungarian aggregates. Based on the data it can be said that the milk and beef production of Hungary does not occupy any significant position in the world as well as in the European Union neither today nor even in the past. If Hungry must compete in the European counties and international market, their dairy sector must focus to increase of their production efficiency as the key breakthrough point. This paper we compared technical efficiency of both dairy and beef sectors in total, for the year 2014 and 2015 separately and based on the farm size. The specific objectives of the research are: comparing dairy and beef farms efficiency in Hungary. Based on the results, we can determine which sector in Hungary is more effective. The second objective is to compare the efficiencies of both the sectors in 2014 and 2015 separately and from the results we can determine which year was more effective in terms of production efficiency and the third objective of the research is technical efficiency comparison of certain economic sizes for both sectors. In the research, we used (KOVACS, 2009) deterministic (DEA) model adapted to the Hungarian dairy farms and beef farms. For the dairy farms milk and dairy products as well as meat (other income). The input factors originated from the domestic AKI - FADN database. Summarizing the results of the research it can be conclude that the dairy sector is more effective than the beef sector in Hungary. In terms of years compared 2014 was more effective for both sector as compared with 2015. In regards to the farm size almost the same result in evaluating the scale of efficiency, which means that large economies can in most cases, manage resources more efficiently than small farms. In the examined years, based on the results of the DEA model, the VRS technical efficiency of the test for these two years was 72.90% for the dairy farms and 63.60% for the beef farms, which means that the dairy sector is more efficient than the beef sector in Hungary. The VRS technical efficiency of the research was 82.10% in 2014 and 75.10% in 2015 for the dairy farms and 77.50% in 2014 and 68.90% in 2015 for the beef farms, which means that both the dairy sector and the beef sectors followed the same trend and were more efficient in 2014 compared to the efficiency in 2015. The large size dairy farms were most effective in Hungary in the examined period (90.90%). VRS technical efficiency for small farms is 88% and the total number of small, the technical efficiency medium farms was 72.80% For the beef sector VRS technical efficiency for small farms is 71.30% and the technical efficiency medium farms was 74.40% and 70% of the beef meat producing farms in Hungary are medium sized. So, the conclusion is the small size dairy farms have a higher VRS efficiency than the small size beef farms whereas medium sized beef farms had higher VRS efficiency than the medium size dairy farms. As a conclusion, both dairy and beef sectors in Hungary have the potential to overcome technology and knowledge constraints and attain the upmost attainable productivity level through improvements in; farmer volume of production i.e. output, beef cattle technologies, and advertising, and the efficiency of the technology transfer process.
 JEL Code: Q13

The article presents the economic efficiency of the use of innovative technologies in dairy farms, in particular, the technology of keeping calves on the example of three dairy farms containing 1000 or more dairy cows (AIC “Adal” JSC, Aidarbayev farm, LLP “Agrofirm“ Dinara-Ranch “of the Almaty region), which made it possible to determine the development potential of these farms, to give an economic assessment of the level of production. The presented calculation of the economic efficiency of model farms for the dairy industry of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan made it possible to ensure a reasonable transfer and adaptation of technologies for the automation of technological processes for the production of livestock products in dairy cattle breeding in Kazakhstan, which will contribute to the achievement of goals, objectives and indicators as part of the implementation of the State Program for the Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2017-2021 Reducing the volume of milk production and the level of its consumption is a technological backwardness, since the share of dairy farms using modern technologies and equipment is 10-15% of their total number. In addition, the equipment of new and reconstructed dairy complexes and farms does not always correspond to modern technological requirements for keeping and feeding highly productive livestock. As a result, their biological potential is far from being fully realized, which negatively affects the provision of the population with milk and dairy products of domestic production. Taking into account the long duration of the reproduction cycle and the low rate of capital turnover in dairy cattle breeding, the introduction of innovations occurs in the sub-industry with some delay compared to other sub-sectors (pig and poultry farming). One of the tools for modernizing dairy farming in the current conditions is the introduction of modern digital, information and intelligent technologies (artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things and the industrial Internet). Their implementation can turn milk production into a high-tech business, increase labor productivity due to the emergence of super-productive animal breeds, solutions for accelerated selection; high quality feed and veterinary drugs; innovative delivery services.

ObjectivesTo provide information on variability and levels of personal dust and endotoxin exposure in different sectors of the primary animal production based on the same methodology.Methods507 personal inhalable dust samples...

At present, raw milk is mainly supplied by smallholder dairy farmers or small-scale feeding bases in China.Considering liquid characteristics of raw milk and its current acquisition mode, the paper analyzes the feasibility of quality improvement cooperation between the dairy farmers and processing companies by the means of Multi-groups replicator dynamics model, supposing the processing companies provide techniques support to dairy farmers for the quality improvement of raw milk.This paper explores the strategy choices of dairy farmers and processing companies, and also investigates the main factors of cooperation between the two groups.Results show that the two groups' strategic choices are not only affected by the incomes change caused by quality improvement of raw milk, but also influenced by the R&D costs or execution costs of the techniques.Finally, we present some suggestion to promote the cooperation between the two groups.

Does the recoupling of dairy and crop production via cooperation between farms generate environmental benefits? A case-study approach in Europe

Dairy farming is an important discipline of agriculture aimed for production of milk and dairy products. India, being a predominantly agrarian economy, has about, 70% of its population living in villages, where Dairy farming play a crucial rule in the socio-economic life. India is not only one of the top producers of milk in the world, but also the largest consumer of milk and milk products in the world. Dairy sector is instrumental in bringing, socio-economic transformation in India. There exists a great need to enlighten and make the society aware of various opportunities and challenges in the dairy farming. In this context, we have visited SAARA DIARY FARM - situated at Nampally, Hyderabad to observe and understand the daily operations of a functioning dairy farm. The farm houses a total of 40 Cows yielding 3 quintal of milk per day. After the distribution of milk, the remaining was used to prepare dairy products like curd, cheese, butter, ghee etc. The visit to a dairy farm provided us with firsthand experience of dairy farming operations, caring for cows, milking processing and the milk processing. This experience has contributed to personal and professional development and enlightened us with potential career opportunities in the agricultural sector. However, the low productivity per animal and availability and affordability of the quality feed and fodder remains to be the major challenges. In these circumstances, Government should take initiative to promote the dairy farming as major industry to meet the global demand.

Dairy production in Uganda is mainly based on low-input traditional pasture production systems. This makes Uganda one of the few countries in the world that are low cost producers of milk. Dairy farming could play a greater role in the economy considering its strong potential to provide rural employment and regular income to the many resource-poor households. However, milk production is still largely subsistence. There is therefore a huge potential to increase dairy production and productivity. The aim of this article was to review the current status of the dairy sector in Uganda, to identify the major constraints to dairy production and productivity and to suggest possible areas of intervention so as to enable Uganda exploit its competitive advantage in dairy production for socio-economic development. The article identified and discussed the following as major constraints to dairy production in the country: breed factors, feed resources, climatic factors, particularly high ambient temperature, socio-cultural factors, and dominant informal sector in milk marketing. Selective crossbreed utilization, feed resource development, specific disease prevention and control strategies, support for pastoral production systems, and establishment and support for dairy co-operative societies were recommended for improvement of dairy production and marketing in the country. Key words: Dairy production, Uganda, current status, constraints.

Food of animal origin is considered a primary source of foodborne diseases. The misuse of antibiotics to treat and control many bacterial diseases in farm animals has led to multiple antibiotic-resistant pathogens in contaminated food that can seriously threaten public health. The present study aimed to highlight the impact of antimicrobial misuse in Egyptian beef meat, poultry, and dairy farms on the emergence of multiple antibiotic resistance Salmonella and the detection of antibiotic residues in milk. A total of 1050 samples were collected randomly from poultry (liver, intestinal content, and bone marrow), meat, and milk products from different Egyptian governorates. Salmonellae were isolated from the collected samples and subjected to antimicrobial sensitivity testing through disk diffusion test using the most commonly used seven antibiotics in veterinary fields (cefradine, ciprofloxacin, oxytetracycline, erythromycin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, and streptomycin). The detection of oxytetracycline residue in milk samples was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Most isolated Salmonellae were multiple drug resistant with an incidence rate of 8.6%, 15.4%, and 4% from poultry, meat-associated products, and milk-associated products, respectively, from different governorates. Antibiogram test showed that the isolated Salmonella from poultry, meat, and milk samples were resistant to oxytetracycline at 100%, 31.4%, and 43%, to amoxicillin at 73.3%, 31%, and 50%, and to ampicillin 66.6%, 50%, and 57%, respectively. No resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected in Salmonella isolates from all samples. Using HPLC, oxytetracycline residues were detected in milk samples. In conclusion, more attention should be paid to the connection between the widespread emergence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella in Egypt and the overuse of antimicrobials in poultry, dairy, and meat farms. This connection affects consumer health and increases the likelihood of resistance genes spreading between different bacterial species.

The field of biotechnology has made significant contributions to the dairy field and has had impacts on both dairy farming and the processing of milk. Advances in dairy farming through biotechnologies based on synthetic hormones, such as recombinant Bovine Somatotropin (rBST), are associated with increases in milk production while genetic selection using genomic-based methods, including marker-assisted selection (MAS), utilizes desirable genetics to enhance herd health and milk production. In the processing of milk, enzymes are significantly important in the production of several dairy products. Enzymes that are produced biotechnologically, e.g., rennet, are integral to cheesemaking while enzymes such as lactase enable the production of lactose-free dairy products. Probiotics are also biotechnological additions to products, such as yogurt or kefir, where probiotic secondary fermentations add nutritional profile enhancements and gut health benefits. Biopreservation (based on the use of microorganisms) is another process using biotechnological approaches and can contribute to extended shelf life of dairy products through the inhibition of spoilage microorganisms. More recently, in the dairy field, biotechnology has also had an impact with the safety and quality of dairy products with potential products focusing on faster pathogen detection through the use of molecular diagnostics as well as other products with improved nutrient content and fortification. These products utilize biotechnology to meet increased consumer demands for functional foods and products that enhance sustainability through improved efficiency and reduced environmental impacts. In the depth and breadth of applications related to dairy, biotechnology will continue to offer solutions directed at more efficient production systems, increased food safety related to milk and dairy products.

Agriculture in Kenya has been one of the backbones of economic development in the country. Poultry farmers play a bigger role in contributing to this development. Poultry farmers utilize information for various reasons including; poultry disease management, protection, shelter, production, feeding and nutrition, hatching, marketing, breeds and breeding, and competition with crops. In Menengai West Location, Rongai Sub County, Nakuru, underutilization of agricultural information is seen as the possible cause of low productivity in poultry farming. The aim of this research was to evaluate the utilization of agricultural information by poultry farmers with a view of establishing challenges faced and proposing ways of improving production. The specific objectives of the study were; to find out the uses of agricultural information by poultry farmers; to identify factors influencing the use of certain agricultural information; to find out the awareness level of existing agricultural information by poultry farmers; to determine the effectiveness of agricultural information on poultry production and to establish the challenges faced by farmers in utilizing agricultural information. The study will benefit poultry farmers in Menengai West by enhancing utilization of agricultural information hence increasing productivity. The target population was 517 poultry farmers and the sample size for this research was 217 poultry farmers derived from the Saunder’s table of sampling. Two extension officers were also targeted. A pilot study was conducted in Njoro Sub County. The study was based on Eugene’s information society theory of 1979. Questionnaires and structured interviews were used for data collection. Television, radio and mobile phones were the commonly used sources of agricultural information in provision of poultry information. Inadequate agricultural extension officers and inadequate funds were major challenges faced by poultry farmers in utilization of agricultural information. The study concludes that there are gaps that exist in utilization of agricultural information. The researcher therefore recommended that the county government should employ more extension officers within Menengai West in order to reach out to poultry farmers, Agricultural resource centers should be set up by Nakuru County Government in rural areas to enable farmers in the location access agricultural information easily and within reach, establish partnership with agricultural institutions and county government to disseminate agricultural information and access veterinary services and the government need to improve mobile network connectivity in the area.