Assessment of Wettability and Contact Angle of Bonding Agent with Enamel Surface Etched by Five Commercially Available Etchants: An In Vitro Study.

Deepika Katyal,Aravind Kumar Subramanian,Anand Marya,Adith Venugopal,Andrea Scribante

doi:10.1155/2021/9457553

Deepika Katyal, Aravind Kumar Subramanian + Show 3 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9457553

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Abstract

Background The quantity and quality of the etching pattern produced by acids play a significant role in the wettability and contact angle of the adhesive with the enamel surface in orthodontics. The better the etch pattern, the more the surface energy of the enamel, better the penetration of the adhesive, which ultimately results in better bond strength. The present study aimed to evaluate the contact angle of the bonding agent with the enamel surface etched by five commercially available etchants and check if any difference existed between the five. Materials and Methods Twenty-five human maxillary and mandibular central incisors and premolars extracted for orthodontic or dental purposes were used in this study as samples. The teeth were allocated into five groups based upon the etchant used to etch the enamel surface. After the samples were etched, a hard tissue microtome was used to create thin slices of the enamel surface. The samples were then exposed to bonding agent Ormco Enlight. The bonding agent was released in the form of droplets onto the enamel slices mounted on a contact angle goniometer. The contact angle values were tabulated, and statistical analysis using the one-way ANOVA test was carried out. Results The contact angle measurements of the etchant group, DPI, were the lowest, while D-tech has the highest contact angle values. However, statistical analysis revealed no statistically significant difference between the contact angle measurements of the five groups included in the study. Conclusion No statistically significant difference existed between the five etchant groups included in the study. However, commercially available etchant DPI showed lesser contact angle and thus better wettability in comparison to other groups. Further elemental analysis and surface analysis are required to validate these results.

Highlights

E quantity and quality of the etching pattern produced by acids play a significant role in the wettability and contact angle of the adhesive with the enamel surface in orthodontics. e better the etch pattern, the more the surface energy of the enamel, the better the penetration of the adhesive, which results in better bond strength [4]
Bracket bonding to the enamel surface should result in a strong enough attachment to endure the forces of mastication and orthodontic treatment without dislodging; at the same time, there should be International Journal of Dentistry minimal damage to the surface during debonding [5]. e efficiency of a bonding agent depends upon its bond strength and debonding character–two factors that are affected by the penetration of the orthodontic adhesive
Bonding of orthodontic brackets to the enamel surface requires the creation of microretention in the enamel. e retention quality can be determined by the degree of surface irregularities on the resin enamel interface. e thickness of the smear layer has a greater effect on the surface wettability [15]. erefore, applying an acid etchant before the placement of an adhesive bonding system improved adhesion capability [16]

Summary

Introduction

Enamel conditioning by an etchant results in microporosities on the tooth surface. e creation of microporosities increases the enamel surface’s surface energy [1]. e increase in surface energy of enamel permits the penetration of the bonding agent into the enamel. e formation of enamel tags, which produce mechanical retention of the bonding agent, is influenced by the quantity and quality of the etchant used [2, 3].e quantity and quality of the etching pattern produced by acids play a significant role in the wettability and contact angle of the adhesive with the enamel surface in orthodontics. e better the etch pattern, the more the surface energy of the enamel, the better the penetration of the adhesive, which results in better bond strength [4]. E quantity and quality of the etching pattern produced by acids play a significant role in the wettability and contact angle of the adhesive with the enamel surface in orthodontics. E better the etch pattern, the more the surface energy of the enamel, the better the penetration of the adhesive, which results in better bond strength [4]. Many studies have been performed in the past comparing the etch patterns with different acids and etching times, with different dentin adhesives [6]. Most of the studies primarily aimed at evaluating the influence of different etchants, varying etching times, and different orthodontic adhesives on the “strength of bonding” [12]. No study is available that compares the influence of commercially available and commonly used etchant systems on the wettability of the orthodontic bonding agent with the enamel surface. Wetting is commonly characterized by the contact angle, which is defined as the angle between the tangent to the liquidvapor interface and the solid surface at the three-phase contact line [14]

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