Abstract
BackgroundGroundwater pollution ensuing from ion exchange, weathering, agricultural and anthropogenic activities is on the rise in Nigeria. Since groundwater is used for domestic purposes, there is need for routine investigation. Findings on hydrochemistry of the groundwater components is essential for efficient and viable management. As a result, 25 Abuja water samples were collected for microbial and chemical analyses using standard methods. The cations, anions, soluble ions, trace elements, and heavy metal were obtained and compared with WHO standards.ResultsThe Discriminant analysis results shown that the parameters such as hydrogen ion concentration (pH), temperature (T), alkalinity (Alk), dissolve silica (SiO2), and cations such as calcium (Ca2+), potassium (K+), as well as anions such as carbonates ( {{text{CO}}_{3}}^{2 - } ), fluoride (F−), nitrates (NO3−), and heavy metal (Mn) were within the WHO guideline values for drinking water in all the samples for both seasons. Na+, {{text{SO}}_{4}}^{2 - } , EC, Mg2+, TDS, Fe2+, HCO3−, F−, TH and Cl− contents exhibited the most violation of drinking water standards with percent violations of 100, 76, 64, 56, 56, 44, 40, 40, 36 and 24%, respectively. The highest level of significant correlation was found to exist between K+ and EC (r = 0.77, α = 0.05). Four hydro chemical clusters were identified from Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) with clearly partitioned water quality. Series and time series plot reveals TDS concentration value between 1200 and 2100 mg/l, has the highest with the mean and SD are 1433.76 and 459.38, respectively. Further analysis revealed that 16, 36 and 48% of the samples were the Ca–Cl, Na–Cl, and Mixed types, respectively.ConclusionGroundwater in the Abuja district is mainly hard to very hard, slightly acidic in nature, polluted by ion exchange, agricultural activities, anthropogenic activities, and weathering. Therefore, there is also need for routine monitoring of groundwater in Abuja.
Highlights
Groundwater is the main source of water for drinking, domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes in many nations
It was establish that Na2+, SO42− electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), Mg2+, Fe2+, HCO3−, F−, total hardness (TH) and Cl− displayed the most violation of drinking water standards with percent violations of 100, 76, 64, 56, 56, 44, 40, 40, 40, 36 and 24%, respectively
This study reported the microbial and chemical analyses parameters of twenty-five samples used for cooking, agricultural, drinking and domestic purposes in Abuja, Nigeria
Summary
Groundwater is the main source of water for drinking, domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes in many nations. Many of the study centered on evaluating the natural concentrations of several metals and ions in groundwater, to segregate natural and anthropogenic sources that interrupt groundwater quality, and found interfaces that take place in the aquifer (e.g., Chen et al 2016; Cao et al 2016; Ehya and Marbouti 2016; Gu et al 2015). The findings of groundwater previous studies (Arulbalaji and Gurugnanam 2017; Cao et al 2016; Ojekunle et al 2016; Li et al 2015) concludes that quick population growth, unplanned municipal development, agricultural activities, insufficient hydrogeochemical knowledge, and poor groundwater quality management, are some major factors responsible for groundwater quality control. The cations, anions, soluble ions, trace elements, and heavy metal were obtained and compared with WHO standards
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