Abstract
A simple, inexpensive, reliable and environmentally friendly method based on ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with solidification of floating organic drop (DLLME-SFO) was developed for the simultaneous determination of four triazines in fruit and vegetable samples. Parameters affecting the extraction process were studied and optimized. Under the optimum conditions (sonication time: 15 min; extraction solvent: 30.0 µL 1-undecanol; disperser solvent: 1.0 mL acetonitrile; pH: 7; and extraction time: 0 min), extraction recoveries for different fruit and vegetables are in the range of 65-86%. The calibration graphs are linear in the range of 5-800 µg kg-1, with the correlation coefficient (r2) higher than 0.9985. The limits of detection (LODs) are in the range of 1-2 µg kg-1, which are lower than the maximum residue levels (MRLs) established by various official organizations. Repeatability (intra-day) and reproducibility (inter-day) of the method based on five replicate measurements of 100 µg kg-1 of herbicides were in the range of 3.6-5.4% and 4.5-6.3%, respectively.
Highlights
Triazine herbicides are a class of pre- and post-emergent broadleaf herbicides with similar chemical structure that inhibit the growth of weeds through disruption of photosynthesis pathways.[1]
The aim of this work was to develop a simple, low cost and reliable analytical method for simultaneous determination of four triazine herbicides in fruit, vegetables and food samples using ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE)‐dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME)‐solidified floating organic drop (SFO) as a preconcentration technique followed by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC‐UV)
UAE-DLLME-SFO combined with HPLC-UV was developed for the determination of triazine herbicides in tomato, potato, cucumber, melon, watermelon, apple, pear, orange, green vegetables and stewed vegetables
Summary
Triazine herbicides are a class of pre- and post-emergent broadleaf herbicides with similar chemical structure that inhibit the growth of weeds through disruption of photosynthesis pathways.[1]. Many countries and regions have established the criteria of maximum residue limits (MRLs) of triazine herbicides. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has provided that the MRLs of triazine herbicides in most products are 0.25 mg kg−1, while the European Union (EU) dictated that the MRL of terbuthylazine in vegetables is 0.05 mg kg−1.6. Extraction and cleanup are the most challenging parts for determination of herbicides in food stuffs, especially in fruit and vegetables with inherent complex matrices.[7] the low concentrations of herbicides in Assessment of Triazine Herbicides Residual in Fruit and Vegetables
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