Abstract
This study aims to investigate the influence of treated wastewater (TWW) on the hydraulic performance of drip irrigation emitters. A field experiment was conducted in order to test two types of online emitters, a low pressure (LP) and a standard pressure (SP), at different working pressures (0.25 bar, 0.50 bar, and 1.00 bar) using TWW. The emitters were initially evaluated in the laboratory and the field for the discharge exponent (X), discharge coefficient (Kd), average emitter discharge (Qavg), coefficient of variation (CV), distribution uniformity (DU), the mean discharge ratio (Dra), and the main degree of clogging (DC). The main effect of the emitters on the hydraulic parameters of irrigation performance was not significant, while the operational pressure and operational time of irrigation had a significant effect. For the LP emitter, the average emitter discharge was 7.6, 7.7, and 7.8 Lh−1 at 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 bar, respectively. For the SP emitter, the average emitter discharge was 7.6, 7.8, and 7.8 Lh−1 at 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 bar, respectively. The EU values for the LP and SP emitters varied from low to moderate at 0.25 bar, as the EU values at 0.50 and 1.00 bar were considered high for both emitter types.
Highlights
Referring to the classification by Keller and Bliesner, the results of this study indicate that the emission uniformity (EU) values at 0.25 bar for the low pressure (LP) and standard pressure (SP) emitters varied from low to moderate, while the EU values at 0.50 and 1.00 bar were high [31], which indicated that there is still a need to improve the design and operational characteristics of LP emitters
According to the Keller and Bliesner classification, the results of this study indicate that the Christiansen uniformity (CU) under 0.25 bar for the LP and SP emitter types that fell in the first group of operational time (20 and 80 h intervals) varied from low to moderate, respectively, and the second group (40, 60, 100, 120, 140, and 160 h) was high [31]
The results of this study showed that the main effect of the LP and SP emitter types on emitter discharge was not significant
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The issue of water scarcity has placed stress on available water resources in Jordan. Due to the arid and semi-arid climate, the adverse effects of climate change, and a growing population, there has been an increasing demand for the available freshwater resources, affecting water quantity and quality [1]. Jordan relies on groundwater recharge from rainfall for water supplies, around 94% of the precipitation evaporates [2]. Jordan’s agricultural sector has used 65% to 70% of Jordan’s freshwater resources [3]. These obstacles urge the water authorities to seek alternatives in order to save the country’s limited water supply
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