Abstract
The intake of added sugars, such as high-fructose corn syrup and sucrose, has markedly increased in the last hundred years and is closely associated with the increased prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. We recently reported that the glucose- and fructose-induced generation of glyceraldehyde (GA) caused GA-derived advanced glycation end-products (GA-AGEs), which may be used biomarkers to predict lifestyle-related diseases. Therefore, we assessed total sugar and glucose concentrations in 885 and 298 commonly consumed beverages, respectively, in Japan. Our results revealed that total sugar concentrations were markedly higher in some carbonated drinks, sugar-sweetened fruit drinks, milk beverages, fruit mix juices, milk, cocoa, black tea, fruit juices, and other beverages. Total glucose concentrations were also higher in some carbonated drinks, sugar-sweetened fruit drinks, fruit mix juices, and fruit juices. About 40% of the beverages contained 25 g or more sugar per bottle based on standard serving sizes. This is the upper limit of daily sugar intake, recommended in the guidelines by the American Heart Association and the World Health Organization to prevent health problems in women and adults/ children, respectively. This study has provided potentially useful data on the presence of sugars in commonly consumed beverages.
Highlights
The combination of two simple sugars, High-Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) and sucrose, which are used in many Sugar-Sweetened Beverages (SSB) and commercial products, is commonly consumed worldwide
Sugar has been implicated in the development of all diseases associated with Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) [2,3], including hypertension, Cardio Vascular Diseases (CVD), Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)/Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH), Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) and the ageing process, which is promoted by damage to proteins due to the non-enzymatic binding of sugars [4,5,6,7,8]
We recently indicated that serum levels of Toxic AGEs (TAGE), but not those of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), glucose-derived Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs) (Glu-AGEs), or Nε(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), a representative AGE compound found in food, may be used as a biomarker to predict the progression of lifestylerelated diseases [21,22,23,24,25]
Summary
The combination of two simple sugars, High-Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) and sucrose, which are used in many Sugar-Sweetened Beverages (SSB) and commercial products, is commonly consumed worldwide. Sugar has been implicated in the development of all diseases associated with Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) [2,3], including hypertension, Cardio Vascular Diseases (CVD), Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)/Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH), Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) and the ageing process, which is promoted by damage to proteins due to the non-enzymatic binding of sugars (socalled glycation) [4,5,6,7,8]. AGEs are formed by the Maillard reaction, a nonenzymatic reaction between the terminal α-amino group or ε-amino group of the lysine residues of proteins and the aldehyde or ketone groups of reducing sugars, such as glucose, fructose, and glyceraldehyde (GA) [4,5,6,7]. We recently demonstrated that interactions between GAderived AGEs (Toxic AGEs, TAGE) and the Receptor for AGEs (RAGE)
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