Abstract
In Turkey, in 2010, the amount of pesticide (active ingredient; a.i.) used in agriculture was about 23,000 metric tons, of which approximately 32% was fungicides. In 2012, 14 a.i. were used for fungus control in wheat cultivation areas in Adana province, Turkey. These a.i. were: azoxystrobin, carbendazim, difenoconazole, epoxiconazole, fluquinconazole, prochloraz, propiconazole, prothioconazole, pyraclostrobin, spiroxamine, tebuconazole, thiophanate-methyl, triadimenol, and trifloxystrobin. In this study, the potential risk of a.i. on non-target organisms in fungicide application of wheat cultivation was assessed by The Pesticide Occupational and Environmental Risk (POCER) indicators. In this study, the highest human health risk was for fluquinconazole (Exceedence Factor (EF) 1.798 for human health), whereas the fungicide with the highest environmental risk was propiconazole (EF 2.000 for the environment). For non-target organisms, the highest potential risk was determined for propiconazole when applied at 0.1250 kg a.i. ha-1 (EF 2.897). The lowest total risk was for azoxystrobin when applied at 0.0650 kg a.i. ha-1 (EF 0.625).
Highlights
Pesticides are used extensively in agricultural production systems to prevent or reduce losses by pests and/or improve the yield and quality of agricultural crops [1,2,3]
The aim of this study was to determine the potential risk on non-target organisms, for sustainable agriculture, of active ingredients used in fungicide application to control black, brown, and yellow rust (Puccinia spp.), and septoria leaf spot (Septoria spp.) in wheat cultivation areas in
The fungicides assessed in this study were the 14 a.i. used for fungus control in wheat cultivation areas in Adana province, Turkey, in 2012, namely azoxystrobin, carbendazim, difenoconazole, epoxiconazole, fluquinconazole, prochloraz, propiconazole, prothioconazole, pyraclostrobin, spiroxamine, tebuconazole, thiophanate-methyl, triadimenol, and trifloxystrobin [8]
Summary
Pesticides are used extensively in agricultural production systems to prevent or reduce losses by pests and/or improve the yield and quality of agricultural crops [1,2,3]. Fungicides are necessary to control diseases and used to kill fungi and their spores on a wide range of agricultural crops [4,5]. In Turkey, approximately 22,900 tonnes pesticide (a.i.) was used by agriculture in 2010 [6], about 32%. Adana is a city in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. In Adana, the major agricultural crops are cotton, cereals, grapes, citrus fruits, etc. It is possible to grow two agricultural crops like wheat + cotton, and wheat + corn, in one year due to meteorological conditions and soils.
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