Abstract
Background Inflammatory responses have been associated with delayed oral mucosal wound healing and the pathogenesis of the periodontal disease. The invasion of microbes into the tissues and the establishment of a chronic infection may be due to impaired healing. The protracted inflammatory phase may delay wound healing and probably support tissue fibrosis and reduce tissue regeneration. Vanillin is a well-known natural compound with potential anti-inflammatory capacity. Hence, we hypothesized that Vanillin could accelerate wound healing reducing inflammation and especially cytokine production making the oral tissue repair process easier. Methods Our hypothesis was tested using primary human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cell pretreated with Vanillin and primed with IL-1β, as inductor of proinflammatory environment. After 24 hours of treatments, the gene expression and production of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, COX-2, iNOS, and nitric oxide (NO) generation and the wound healing rate were determined. Results In IL-1β-primed cells, preincubation with Vanillin reduced IL-6, IL-8, COX-2, and iNOS expression and NO release, compared to IL-1β-primed cells. Moreover, Vanillin determines the increased gene expression of nAChRα7, leading us to hypothesize a role of Vanillin in the activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Furthermore, in presence of mechanical injury, the Vanillin preincubation, wound closure may be reducing the expression and release of IL-6 and TNF-α and upregulation of COX-2 and IL-8. Conclusion Together, the results of this study highlight the anti-inflammatory and tissue repair ability of Vanillin in IL-1β-primed HGF. Therefore, Vanillin shows a potential therapeutic interest as an inflammatory modulator molecule with novel application in periodontal regeneration and oral health.
Highlights
Inflammation is defined as an essential biological event occurring for the defence of the body
After 24 h incubation of human gingival fibroblast (HGF) with IL-1β, Vanillin alone or Vanillin (2 h pretreatment) plus IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumour necrosis factor- (TNF-)α levels were evaluated in cell culture supernatant, by ELISA assay
In presence of Vanillin, alone or as pretreatment of inflamed HGF, a significant reduction of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 was observed compared to IL-1β primed cells (p < 0:001) (Figure 2)
Summary
Inflammation is defined as an essential biological event occurring for the defence of the body It involves immune cells and multiple mechanisms that operate at different levels, including alterations in immune cell types in tissues, changes in cellular reactivity to inflammatory stimuli, regulation of signaling pathways, and control of gene expression [1]. Inflammation seems to be linked to microorganism growth associated with the destruction of oral tissues and release of harmful nutrients, such as degraded collagen, heme-containing compounds, sources of amino acids, and iron These events can drive the establishment of a proinflammatory microenvironment and the production of oxidative stress mediators with the periodontal pocket formation and gingival tissue, alveolar bone, and periodontal ligament destruction. Vanillin shows a potential therapeutic interest as an inflammatory modulator molecule with novel application in periodontal regeneration and oral health
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