Abstract
Cladosporium cladosporioides causes asthma and superficial and deep infections, mostly in immunodeficient individuals and animals. This study aimed to investigate whether C. cladosporioides spores can enter the lungs through pulmonary circulation and influence pulmonary immune response. We intravenously injected mice with C. cladosporioides spore suspension and conducted several assays on the lungs. Pulmonary hemorrhage symptoms and congestion were most severe on days 1, 2, and 3 post-inoculation (PI). Extensive inflammatory cell infiltration occurred throughout the period of infection. More spores and hyphae colonizing the lungs were detected on days 1, 2, and 3 PI, and fewer spores and hyphae were observed within 21 d of infection. Numerous macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils were observed on day 5 PI, along with upregulation of CD54, an intercellular adhesion molecule. Th1 and Th2 cells increased after infection; specifically, Th2 cells increased considerably on day 5 PI. These results suggest that days 2 and 5 PI represent the inflammatory peak in the lungs and that the Th2 and Th1 signaling pathways are potentially involved in pulmonary immune responses. In conclusion, the further adaptive immune responses played important roles in establishing effective pulmonary immunity against C. cladosporioides systemic infections based on innate immune responses.
Highlights
Cladosporium cladosporioides causes asthma and superficial and deep infections, mostly in immunodeficient individuals and animals
Tfh cells differentiate into IL-4/IL-13 double-producing Th2 cells that accumulate in the lungs and recruit eosinophils during allergic airway inflammation[18]
This study aimed to investigate whether C. cladosporioides enters the lungs through blood circulation, as well as the pathological symptoms and adaptive immune responses induced in the lungs after infection
Summary
Cladosporium cladosporioides causes asthma and superficial and deep infections, mostly in immunodeficient individuals and animals. Cladosporium cladosporioides is a common mold in both indoor and outdoor environments[1,2] This species of dematiaceous hyphomycetes can infect immunocompetent and immunodeficient humans and animals and cause diseases including hemorrhagic pneumonia[3], pulmonary phaeohyphomycosis[4], and cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis[5,6,7]. C. cladosporioides spores in the air pose the risk of airway infections, such as hemorrhagic pneumonia[3], and serve as allergens and infect the lungs, symptoms of which include asthma and allergic pneumonia[10]. Tfh cells differentiate into IL-4/IL-13 double-producing Th2 cells that accumulate in the lungs and recruit eosinophils during allergic airway inflammation[18]
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