Abstract
BackgroundThere are limited data on the epidemiology and risk factors of ophthalmoplegia among diabetic patients. This study aims to determine the prevalence and important risk factors related to ophthalmoplegia among diabetic patients.MethodsThis is an observational registry-based study using the Saudi National Diabetes Registry (SNDR) database to select diabetic patients regardless of their diabetes type. A total of 64,351 Saudi diabetic patients aged more than 18 years and registered in SNDR between January 2000 and December 2010 were analyzed to identify ophthalmoplegic cases. Demographic, clinical, and biochemical parameters were studied and STROBE guidelines were used to design and report the results of this study.ResultsThe overall prevalence of ophthalmoplegia cases was 0.32 %, further distributed into: 53.11 %, 36.36 %, and 2.8 % for cranial nerves VI, III, IV palsies respectively. Ophthalmoplegic cases were predominantly type 2 diabetic males with older age and longer diabetes duration. The most important and significant risk factors were age ≥ 45 years, diabetes duration ≥ 10 years, male gender and presence of retinopathy and nephropathy.ConclusionsOphthalmoplegia is a rare entity associated mainly with type 2 diabetes. Clinicians have to consider its risk factors when screening or planning for prevention of this condition.
Highlights
There are limited data on the epidemiology and risk factors of ophthalmoplegia among diabetic patients
In a retrospective large Caucasian diabetic population follow up, mainly type 2 diabetes, 0.4 % were hospitalized with ophthalmoplegia [2], while a Japanese study reported the prevalence of ophthalmoplegia among diabetic patients to be 0.97 % which is ten times more than non-diabetic patients at 0.13 % [6]
Out of the total studied cohort, 209 (0.32 %) patients were found to be suffering from ophthalmoplegia, where males contributed to 72.73 %, while females contributed to 27.27 % (Fig. 1)
Summary
There are limited data on the epidemiology and risk factors of ophthalmoplegia among diabetic patients. This study aims to determine the prevalence and important risk factors related to ophthalmoplegia among diabetic patients. Ophthalmoplegia is a rare entity seen in patients with diabetes mellitus and is associated with great patients’ anxiety and may appear as a serious diagnostic and therapeutic medical challenge. Ophthalmoplegia secondary to cranial nerve III, IV, and VI palsies in diabetic patients is considered to be a form of microvascular cranial nerve palsy involving small vessels atherosclerotic changes, full recovery within 12 weeks after the onset of symptoms is the usual outcome [1,2,3]. Despite extensive studies on the epidemiology of diabetic neuropathy in general, there is a relative paucity of knowledge regarding factors associated with ophthalmoplegia in patients with diabetes.
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