Abstract
Based on the sustainable development goals, the United Nations plans to achieve equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and to end open defecation by 2030. In Ethiopia, 60% to 80% of health problems are due to communicable diseases attributable to unsafe water supply, unhygienic and unsanitary waste management, which are directly linked to the practice of open defecation. This study has aimed at assessing the implementation of community-led total sanitation and hygiene (CLTSH) and associated factors. A community-based cross-sectional study design involving 420 of the 7,225 households found in Diretiyara district was conducted in June 2014. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. Using Logistic Regressions, bivariate and multivariate analyses were computed. This study showed that 66% of the respondents have knowledge of CLTSH. Eighty-nine percent of the respondents have latrine, of which 78% were constructed after the introduction of CLTSH. Eleven percent of the respondents reported to have defected in the open field and 15% of them reported that they had been recently exposed to diarrhea diseases. The occurrence of diarrheal disease was significantly associated with the extent of latrine ownership [AOR = 2.48; 95% CI 1.00, 6.12]. Attitude and perception parameters were significantly associated with consistent latrine utilization. Respondents who agreed that "Open defecation is preferred due to the unpleasant smell and heat from the Latrine'' [COR = 0.58; 95% CI 0.34, 0.99] were 58% less likely to use the latrine consistently. In conclusion, CLTSH has increased the extent of latrine ownership and decreased practice of open defecation, and yet, intermittent latrine use and poor hygienic practice were reported. Although some fundamental misconceptions were reported, the majority of the respondents have accepted CLTSH approach as a means to ending open defecation in their village. Health extension workers and local authorities should give emphasis to achieving sustainable behavioral change on improved sanitation and good hygiene practices.
Highlights
Diarrhea is the leading cause of child death in Africa and it is the second leading cause of child death globally [1]
In Ethiopia, health statistics indicates that communicable disease accounts for about 60% to 80% of health problems which are preventable and considerable proportions of these diseases are directly related to unsafe water, poor hygiene and inadequate sanitation [6, 7]
Findings in the extant literature on community-led total sanitation and hygiene (CLTSH) in Ethiopia indicated that a significant reduction in diarrheal incidences and nearly no acute watery diarrhea (AWD) incidence were achieved in the kebeles where CLTSH was implemented [15]
Summary
Diarrhea is the leading cause of child death in Africa and it is the second leading cause of child death globally [1]. The magnitude of the sanitation related deaths is striking; 1.5 to 2.2 million people are estimated to die each year from diarrhea and related diseases and the great majorities are children [2, 3]. Sanitation and hygienic (WASH) conditions are among the major causes of public health problems in Ethiopia, where children are the most vulnerable [5]. In Ethiopia, health statistics indicates that communicable disease accounts for about 60% to 80% of health problems which are preventable and considerable proportions of these diseases are directly related to unsafe water, poor hygiene and inadequate sanitation [6, 7]. The average Ethiopian children suffers 5 to 12 diarrhea episodes a year resulted from poor WASH and between 50, 000 to 112,000 under-five children die annually [8, 6, 9]
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