Assessment of the Impacts From the World's Largest Floating Macroalgae Blooms on the Water Clarity at the West Yellow Sea Using MODIS Data (2002–2016)

Abstract

Water clarity (Secchi disk depth, SDD) is a very important factor for marine ecological environment. The world's largest “green tide” caused by the macroalgal blooms (MABs) of green macroalgae has occurred every summer in the Yellow Sea since 2008. In this study, we first present the effects of MABs on the water clarity in the west Yellow Sea. A regional empirical retrieval algorithm of SDD on the basis of moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) remote sensing reflectance is evaluated with the field data and satellite reflectance data: the spectral simulation with the end-member reflectance of sea water and macroalgae, and the MODIS Level-2 standard products of the remote sensing reflectance. The results show that the mixture of sea water and macroalgae will lead to decreased water clarity when the SDD is larger than 1.2 m and increased chlorophyll-a, i.e., false values in the standard products for pure sea water which therefore should be used with caution for the regions with large scale of floating macroalgae blooms. The long-term SDD in June and July (2002–2016) over the Yellow Sea is investigated and analyzed with the presence of “green tide.” The significant decrease in the SDD by 2.6 m and with 12 544 km2 of sea surface in total in July while no pronouncing changes in June suggests that the water clarity in the west Yellow Sea has been strongly affected from the period of 2002–2007 (the pre-MAB phase) to the period of 2008–2016 (the MAB phase).