Abstract
In recent years, bisphenol analogues such as bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol S (BPS) have come to replace bisphenol A (BPA) in food packaging and food containers, since BPA has been shown to leach into food and water, causing numerous negative health effects. Although much information on the endocrine activity of BPA is available, a proper human hazard assessment of analogues that are believed to have a less harmful toxicity profile is lacking. The aim of our in vitro study was to assess the potential effect of bisphenol B, F, and S on the biosynthesis of steroid hormones in human H295R adrenocortical carcinoma cells, using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, we evaluated mitochondrial activity using the MTT test and viability using triple assay. Adrenocortical carcinoma cells were cultivated for 24 h in the presence of bisphenol B, F, or S (0.1, 0.5, 1, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100 μM). We demonstrated that BPB, BPF, and BPS could affect progesterone and testosterone secretion, as well as affect cell mitochondrial, lysosomal, and metabolic activity, as well as plasma membrane integrity, but considerably more detailed and systematic research is required for a better understanding of risks associated with the effects of bisphenols on steroidogenesis.
Highlights
The growing global production and release of industrial chemicals into the environment have prompted scientists to speculate that current pollutants such as bisphenols may unquestionably disrupt health conditions, resulting in extensive physiological function damage via endocrine disruption [1,2]
In the case of cells treated with bisphenol B (BPB), as shown in Figure 1, we observed slightly increased mitochondrial activity in the case of cells treated with 0.1 μM BPB (p > 0.05)
In the case of cells treated with BPB, as shown in Figure 1, we observed slightly increased mitochondrial activity in the caseobserved of cells treated
Summary
The growing global production and release of industrial chemicals into the environment have prompted scientists to speculate that current pollutants such as bisphenols may unquestionably disrupt health conditions, resulting in extensive physiological function damage via endocrine disruption [1,2]. BPA (bisphenol A) has since become one of the most well-known EDCs (endocrine-disrupting chemicals) because of its strong effects on steroid hormone production [2,4,5,6,7,8], disturbed mammary gland development [9], changes in obesity-associated parameters [10], reproductive and developmental toxicity [11], heart disease, diabetes, abnormal liver function [12,13,14], and the nervous system [15,16]. The significant majority of the population is exposed to BPA, according to Zhang et al (2011)
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