Assessment of the appearance, location and morphology of mandibular lingual foramina using cone beam computed tomography

Abstract

To investigate the appearance, location and morphology of mandibular lingual foramina (MLF) in the Chinese Han population using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). CBCT images of the mandibular body in 200 patients (103 female patients and 97 male patients, age range 10-70 years) were retrospectively analysed to identify MLF. The canal number, location and direction were assessed. Additionally, the diameter of the lingual foramen, the distance between the alveolar crest and the lingual foramen, the distance between the tooth apex and the lingual foramen and the distance from the mandibular border to the lingual foramen were examined to describe the MLF characteristics. Gender and age differences with respect to foramina were also studied. CBCT can be utilized to visualise lingual foramina. In this study, 683 lingual foramina were detected in 200 CBCT scans, with 538 (78.77%) being ≤1 mm in diameter and 145 (21.23%) being >1 mm. In total, 85.07% of MLF are median lingual canals (MLC) and 14.93% are lateral lingual canals (LLC). Two typical types of lingual foramina were identified according to their relationship with the tooth apex. Most lingual foramina (74.08%) were found below the tooth apex, and those above the tooth apex were much smaller in diameter. Male patients had statistically larger lingual foramina. The distance between the lingual foramen and the tooth apex changed with increasing age. Determination of the presence, position and size of lingual foramina is important before performing a surgical procedure. Careful implant-prosthetic treatment planning is particularly important in male and/or elderly patients because of the structural characteristics of their lingual foramina.