Assessment of the Additive Effect of Remineralizing Agents in Combination With Fluoride Releasing Adhesives in the Prevention of Enamel Decalcification in Orthodontic Patients: An In Vitro Study.

Abstract

Introduction Incorporation of remineralizing agents with fluoride-releasing bracket adhesives may prevent the development of white spot lesions (WSL) or reverse the established WSL in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. We aimed to find out how effectively casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and fluoride varnish (FV) can remineralize teeth when mixed with fluoride-releasing orthodontic adhesive. Materials and methods We randomly assigned a total of 60 premolar teeth, therapeutically extracted for orthodontic purposes, into two equal groups. Group I (n = 30) utilized fluoride-releasing adhesive (FR), and Group II (n = 30) bonded with non-fluoride adhesive (NFR). Based on the applied remineralizing agent, we further divided each of the two groups into three equal subgroups of 10: Group IA (FR+FV), Group IB (FR+CPP-ACP), Group IC (control-only FR), Group IIA (NFR+FV), Group IIB (NFR+CPP-ACP), and Group IIC (control-only NFR). Following bonding procedures, all the samples underwent pH cycling for 28 days, where the enamel samples were immersed in 20 ml of demineralizing solution for three hours, followed by immersion in 30 ml of remineralizing solution for 17 hours. The samples were analyzed for shear bond strength (SBS) on a universal testing machine and hardness values (HV) by the Vickers microhardness test (VMT) using the indentation method. We also evaluated the adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores to determine the site of bracket failure. Statistical analysis The shear bond strength (SBS) and hardness value (HV) were expressed as the mean, standard deviation (SD), and median for each subgroup. We used the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test to analyze the SBS and HV, followed by the Dunn-Bonferroni test for intra-pair differences. The ARI score was expressed as the frequency of the percentage distribution, and the difference in the distribution of ARI scores between the groups was assessed by the Cochran chi-square test. The probability (p) value equal to or less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The results show that Group IB, bonded with a fluoride-releasing adhesive and a CPP-ACP remineralizing agent surface treatment, has the highest HV of300.23 units. Group IIC (only NFR) has the lowest hardness of153.3 units, which is statistically significant (p < 0.001). However, the ARI scores are not statistically significant between the groups tested. Conclusion The bond strength of the adhesive and the surface hardness of the enamel increased with the addition of fluoride varnish and CPP-ACP to both the fluoride-releasing and non-fluoride-releasing adhesives.