Assessment of the Acute Toxicity, Uptake and Biotransformation Potential of Benzotriazoles in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Larvae Combining HILIC- with RPLC-HRMS for High-Throughput Identification.

Abstract

The current study reports on the toxicity, uptake, and biotransformation potential of zebrafish (embryos and larvae) exposed to benzotriazoles (BTs). Acute toxicity assays were conducted. Cardiac function abnormalities (pericardial edema and poor blood circulation) were observed from the phenotypic analysis of early life zebrafish embryos after BTs exposure. For the uptake and biotransformation experiment, extracts of whole body larvae were analyzed using liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-HRMS/MS). The utility of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) as complementary technique to reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) in the identification process was investigated. Through HILIC analyses, additional biotransformation products (bio-TPs) were detected, because of the enhanced sensitivity and better separation efficiency of isomers. Therefore, reduction of false negative results was accomplished. Both oxidative (hydroxylation) and conjugative (glucuronidation, sulfation) metabolic reactions were observed, while direct sulfation proved the dominant biotransformation pathway. Overall, 26 bio-TPs were identified through suspect and nontarget screening workflows, 22 of them reported for the first time. 4-Methyl-1- H-benzotriazole (4-MeBT) demonstrated the highest toxicity potential and was more extensively biotransformed, compared to 1- H-benzotriazole (BT) and 5-methyl-1- H-benzotriazole (5-MeBT). The extent of biotransformation proved particularly informative in the current study, to explain and better understand the different toxicity potentials of BTs.