Abstract
A comprehensive evaluation framework that can assess a wide range of water supply and demand management policy options in terms of economic, social, environmental, risk-based, and functional performance is crucial to ascertain their level of sustainability. However, such a detailed, generic, and holistic policy evaluation framework is not found in the literature. This paper reviews studies to evaluate water supply and/or demand management options conducted during 2000–2016. Primarily, the paper reviews the evaluation criteria used by different studies for decision making given their significant difference and the importance of a comprehensive set of criteria to complete a rigorous evaluation. In addition, a comprehensive set of water supply and demand management options are not considered together for a comparative assessment to prioritise best options for a certain area and time. Further, performance of these options needs to be evaluated for a range of uncertainties arising from changes of spatial and temporal variables of the system. While this paper highlights the important aspects that need to be included in a comprehensive policy evaluation framework, available studies collectively present a rich set of information to support it.
Highlights
The collection of papers is restricted to those studies that evaluate at least three to evaluating urban water supply and/or demand management options encompassing a range of water supply options and use a number of sustainability criteria
The collection of papers is restricted to those studies that evaluate at least evaluation of sustainability a range of criteria that include those used in the individual studies, and three water supply options and usetoathese number ofAt sustainability criteria. to Wepoint propose include in review the studies with reference criteria
Depletion of available water sources, and supply variability induced by climate change necessitate the augmentation of water sources and the introduction of new policies into the present water management system
Summary
Scarcity of traditional water sources, such as surface and groundwater, coupled with low water use efficiency are increasingly threatening the security of urban, agricultural, and environmental water needs. Explains the problem of ground water depletion and overdraft of river water, giving examples from different continents. Sustainable use of these water resources is increasingly important as their mismanagement leads to severe financial, environmental, and social issues. This context highlights the need for introducing alternative water sources and demand management, and importantly to consider the sustainability of all these water sources
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