Abstract
Multivariate statistical techniques such as cluster analysis (CA), principle component analysis (PCA), factor analysis (FA) were applied for the evolution of temporal variations and the interpretation of large complex water quality data set of the Hyderabad city, generating during year 2013-14 monitoring of 16 parameters at 23 different sites of an average depth of 1m. Hierarchical clustering analysis (CA) is first applied to distinguish the three general water quality patterns among the stations. Data set thus obtained was treated using R-mode factor analysis (FA) and followed by principle component analysis (PCA). Factor analysis identified five factors responsible for data structure explaining 75% of total variance and allowed to group selected parameters according to common futures. WT, EC, TSS and Na were associated and controlled by mixed origin with similar contribution from natural and anthropogenic sources. Whereas NO3, PO4, SO4, FC, TC, F-, K and B were derived from anthropogenic sources.
Highlights
The protection and restoration of urban lakes and wetlands, urban lakes are in extremely poor condition in Hyderabad, within last 12 years, Hyderabad has lost 3245 ha. area of its water in the form of lakes and ponds
The data obtained during the year 2013-14, is subjected to different multivariate statistical techniques to extract about the similarities or dissimilarities between sampling stations, identification of water quality variables responsible for spatial and temporal variations in lakes water quality, the hidden factors explaining the structure of the data base and the influence of possible sources on the water quality parameters of the lake basins
The results indicate that the cluster analysis (CA) technique is useful in offering reliable classification of surface water in the whole region and will make it possible to design a future spatial sampling strategy in an optimal manner, which can reduce the number of sampling stations and associated cost
Summary
The protection and restoration of urban lakes and wetlands, urban lakes are in extremely poor condition in Hyderabad, within last 12 years, Hyderabad has lost 3245 ha. area of its water in the form of lakes and ponds. A number of point and non point sources contaminate the water bodies by adding the excess nutrients and heavy metals. Over the years their capacities went on decreasing by rapid urbanization, encroachments into lake areas and increased sedimentation resulting from the high human interference in the catchment area (Ramachandraiah and Prasad, 2004). The discharge of effluents and associated toxic compounds into aquatic ecosystem represents an ongoing environmental problem due to their possible impact on communities in the receiving aquatic water and a potential effect on human health (Abbas Alkarkhi et al, 2008) Further these materials enter the surface water resulting in pollution of irrigation and drinking water. The government of India’s (GOI, 1992) policy statement on abatement of pollution at source (GoI, 1992)
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