Abstract
Odisha State is located in eastern part of India which is blessed with sufficient amount of rainfall. Major part of the state is covered by Mahanadi river basin; Mahanadi river basin originated from Sihawa town and disposed out to Bay of Bengal near Sambalpur, Odisha State. The distribution pattern is erratic and uneven due to climate, topography, hydrology and geomorphology of the state. Catchment area of the Mahanadi is vast; therefore, drainage order is also high (about six); due to these features large amount of water has generated, and it will be appeared as flood at downstream through deltaic region to Bay of Bengal. In this connection, water resources planning and management are one of the crucial issues. For any hydrological study, it is necessary to identify the characteristics and climatic variability of the catchment. In the present study, long-term (1901–2013) rainfall time series has been utilized for rainfall variability analysis using nonparametric tests, viz. Mann–Kendall (MK), modified Mann–Kendall (MMK) and Theil–Sen’s slope. The average annual rainfall of the Odisha State is to be found as about 1438 mm; out of them, about 78% occurs in the monsoon season. In the present study, it was found that the maximum and minimum rainfalls occurred at Bhadrak and Puri districts, respectively. As per change point detection, it was found to be as 1945 is shift change year. Further, it was noticed that most of the districts are showing positive trends before change point and vice versa. Similar results are estimated in the monsoon season because most of the rainfall has occurred in the monsoon season. Both positive and negative trends have been found in Odisha State; detailed study has been carried out for rainfall behavior identification of the state. The present study is useful for agricultural and water resources planning and mitigation.
Highlights
Increase in water demand with an increase in population in India along with improvement in quality of life and climatic variability has attracted the attention of scientist and engineers to estimate availability of water at a place for sustainability
The average annual rainfall at 75, 90 and 95% of confidence level is found in Bhadrak District as 1339.3, 1195.2 and 1098.0 mm, respectively
From the period 1901 to 2013, it is seen that in annual data the positive trend has been shown by 13 districts out of 30 and remaining districts show negative trend
Summary
Increase in water demand with an increase in population in India along with improvement in quality of life and climatic variability has attracted the attention of scientist and engineers to estimate availability of water at a place for sustainability. The primary source for river flow in India is rainfall. Extreme variability in rainfall could result in extreme hydrological events such as drought and floods Deficiency in rainfall from average annual rainfall of the area has an ultimate impact on agricultural produce. More than 60% of India’s population is based on agriculture which generates about 20% of the national gross domestic product (GDP). The climate changes in recent years have led to more variability in rainfall pattern. The effect is not uniform throughout the Earth
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