Assessment of overlapping triple-frequency BDS-3/BDS-2/INS tightly coupled integration model in kinematic surveying

Abstract

The China BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS-3) is recognized for its advantages compared to BDS-2. However, the enhancement of performance through the simultaneous utilization of BDS-2 and BDS-3 in real-time kinematic (RTK) applications remains insufficiently investigated. Herein, we developed an overlapping triple-frequency (TF) BDS-3/BDS-2/inertial navigation system (INS) tightly coupled (TC) integration model that takes advantage of the BDS-3/BDS-2 overlapping frequencies of B1I/B2b(B2I)/B3I for intersystem combination and INS-assisted positioning. An analytical formula for ambiguity dilution of precision (ADOP) was derived, serving as the foundation for an exploration into how multi-frequency measurements and INS assistance affect ambiguity resolution (AR). A vehicle experiment was conducted in a city to evaluate the performance of the measurement models for various frequencies, available satellites, and INS assistance. Analysis of the double differencing errors of the pseudorange and carrier phases revealed that a robust model in kinematic situations is preferred over static situations. AR ability was assessed regarding ADOP, ratio test, and success rates, and the positioning and attitude determination results were examined. Overall, the characteristics of the ADOP analytic formula and processing results produce a similar conclusion regarding the contribution of multi-frequency, available measurements, and INS assistance on AR; further, they provide reference values for moving measuring system users to implement the optimal model in kinematic situations.