Assessment of novel surgical procedures using decellularised muscle and bioactive ceramic: a histological analysis

Randa Alfotawi,Ahmad El-Ghannam,Marium Alhindi,Amer Mahmood,Raeesa Ahmed,Muhammad Atteya,Abdulazize Siyal

doi:10.1007/s10856-021-06585-9

Abstract

Tissue regeneration and neovascularisation in cases of major bone loss is a challenge in maxillofacial surgery. The hypothesis of the present study is that the addition of resorbable bioactive ceramic Silica Calcium Phosphate Cement (SCPC) to Declluraized Muscle Scaffold (DSM) can expedite bone formation and maturation. Two surgical defect models were created in 18 nude transgenic mice. Group 1(n = 6), with a 2-mm decortication calvarial defect, was treated with a DSM/SCPC sheet over the corticated bone as an onlay then seeded with human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells hMSC in situ. In Group 2 (n = 6), a critical size (4 mm) calvarial defect was made and grafted with DSM/SCPC/in situ human bone marrow stromal cells (hMSCs). The control groups included Group 3 (n = 3) animals, with a 2-mm decortication defect treated with an onlay DSM sheet, and Group 4 (n = 3) animals, treated with critical size defect grafted with plain DSM. After 8 weeks, bone regeneration in various groups was evaluated using histology, immunohistochemistry and histomorphometry. New bone formation and maturation was superior in groups treated with DSM/SCPC/hMSC. The DMS/SCPC scaffold has the ability to augment and induce bone regeneration and neovascularisation in cases of major bone resorption and critical size defects.

Highlights

University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USAThe use of xenografts and allografts for treatment of major bone losses and defects eliminates the donor-site morbidity and decreases the working time compared to autograft [1]
In Group 2, the critical size defect showed thin translucent tissue that looked like bone, and no remnant of Silica Calcium Phosphate Cement (SCPC) was seen in any of the samples (Fig. 2B.) In contrast, Fig. 2 Different harvested calvarial bone from the tested groups
Masson trichrome staining (Fig. 3) of decorticoid cranial defects treated with the decellularisation of skeletal muscle (DSM)/SCPC/hBMSC onlay sheet showed formation of new bone inside the defects

Summary

Introduction

The use of xenografts and allografts for treatment of major bone losses and defects eliminates the donor-site morbidity and decreases the working time compared to autograft [1]. They are involved with the possibility of extreme immune reaction, communication of infectious diseases and slower integration with native tissue. The advancement in tissue engineering by developing skeletal muscle grafts from homologous and autologous tissues has been lately 113 Page 2 of 13. The muscle has a potential for bone forming; it has been demostrated that the incorporation of alloplastic material into skeletal muscle actuates bone development in vivo [9,10,11]

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion