Assessment of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium flows in China's food system during 2010–2019: Implications for integrated management

Abstract

Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are essential nutrients for food production. However, the mismanagement of these elements has resulted in numerous environmental problems and poses a threat to resource security. This study aims to measure the flows of N, P, and K through China's food system during 2010–2019 by applying a dynamic flow accounting method. Our results show that China's food system is characterized by substantial nutrient inputs and significant nutrient losses, with moderate levels of nutrient recycling. The nutrient management had been improved during this study period. However, there were certain issues that should be further addressed, which were identified in this study. More efforts should be made to control nutrient inputs, minimize nutrient losses, and enhance nutrient recycling. By considering both synergies and trade-offs among N, P, and K management, we propose a holistic and integrated approach to nutrient management.