Abstract
The Kali River is a sixth-order tributary of the Ganga River. It originates near Khatoli town in Muzaffarnagar and confluences with the Ganga River at Kanauj District, Uttar Pradesh. In this study, drainage morphometry, temporal groundwater level observations and precipitation data are used to examine surface and subsurface hydrological conditions. Survey of India topographic maps has been used to identify the basin characteristics based on their 1:50,000 scale. The groundwater and precipitation data were obtained from the Indian Meteorological Department and the Indian Water Resources Society. The basin area was calculated about 11,470 sq. km with an NW-SE sloping. In addition, it is elongated-shaped with a dendritic pattern. The bifurcation ratio (5.06), drainage density (0.65), stream frequency (0.24) and ruggedness number (0.09) show strongly permeable alluvium, low relief, high infiltration rate, least erodible and high permeability. The basin reflects a relationship between spatio-temporal groundwater level and rainfall (~21 years: 1996 to 2017). According to this study, the water level declined at a rate of 124.7 meters per year as a result of excessive groundwater use and climate changes such as a decrease in precipitation rates around the area. Therefore, it is recommended to conservation of groundwater resources in the future.
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