Abstract
Heavy metals are primarily generated and deposited in the environment, causing phytotoxicity. This work evaluated fenugreek plants’ morpho-physiological and biochemical responses under mercury stress conditions toward Ag nanoparticles and Sphingobacterium ginsenosidiumtans applications. The fabrication of Ag nanoparticles by Thymus vulgaris was monitored and described by UV/Vis analysis, FTIR, and SEM. The effect of mercury on vegetative growth was determined by measuring the root and shoots length, the number and area of leaves, the relative water content, and the weight of the green and dried plants; appraisal of photosynthetic pigments, proline, hydrogen peroxide, and total phenols content were also performed. In addition, the manipulation of Ag nanoparticles, S. ginsenosidiumtans, and their combination were tested for mercury stress. Here, Ag nanoparticles were formed at 420 nm with a uniform cuboid form and size of 85 nm. Interestingly, the gradual suppression of vegetal growth and photosynthetic pigments by mercury, Ag nanoparticles, and S. ginsenosidiumtans were detected; however, carotenoids and anthocyanins were significantly increased. In addition, proline, hydrogen peroxide, and total phenols content were significantly increased because mercury and S. ginsenosidiumtans enhance this increase. Ag nanoparticles achieve higher levels by the combination. Thus, S. ginsenosidiumtans and Ag nanoparticles could have the plausible ability to relieve and combat mercury’s dangerous effects in fenugreek.
Highlights
Heavy metals are etiologic agents to all forms of life, even if in tiny amounts
The current results showed that the application of Ag nanoparticles and S. ginsenosidiumtans could increase adverse mercury effects on the Trigonella foenumgracum plant by reducing vegetative growth relative water content (RWC) and chlorophyll contents
Safeguarding the plant upon mercury stress was achieved via increasing the carotenoid contents, anthocyanins, proline, H2 O2, and total phenols content enhanced by Ag nanoparticles in
Summary
Heavy metals are etiologic agents to all forms of life, even if in tiny amounts. The aggregation of the heavy metals within plant cells is the prime handcuffs on plant growth, which causes plant death and releases heavy metals into the environment by phytovolatilization [1]. Heavy metals affect the plant’s morphology, physiology, and biochemistry; the typical cell structure, the antioxidant system, and plant growth will be affected and restrict crop production. Biological means do not effectively destroy heavy metals because of the oxidation state conversion. Some heavy metals may transform into more water-soluble forms that are removed by leaching processes, inherently less toxic, precipitate, and change into a specific form that is readily taken away from the impure area. Photosynthetic pigments are essential parameters in evaluating plant stress and are often used as biomarkers in plants
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