Abstract
Captive management of ex situ populations of endangered species is traditionally based on pedigree information derived from studbook data. However, molecular methods could provide a powerful set of complementary tools to verify studbook records and also contribute to improving the understanding of the genetic status of captive populations. Here, we compare the utility of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and microsatellites (MS) and two analytical methods for assigning parentage in ten families of captive African penguins held in South African facilities. We found that SNPs performed better than microsatellites under both analytical frameworks, but a combination of all markers was most informative. A subset of combined SNP (n=14) and MS loci (n=10) provided robust assessments of parentage. Captive or supportive breeding programs will play an important role in future African penguin conservation efforts as a source of individuals for reintroduction. Cooperation among these captive facilities is essential to facilitate this process and improve management. This study provided us with a useful set of SNP and MS markers for parentage and relatedness testing among these captive populations. Further assessment of the utility of these markers over multiple (>3) generations and the incorporation of a larger variety of relationships among individuals (e.g., half-siblings or cousins) is strongly suggested.
Highlights
The growing role of captive institutions in the conservation of threatened species requires that they maintain sustainable and genetically diverse ex situ populations that can meaningfully contribute to in situ conservation (Lacy et al 2013)
Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
62 alleles were found over all 12 MS loci, with a mean polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0.54 (Table 1)
Summary
The growing role of captive institutions in the conservation of threatened species requires that they maintain sustainable and genetically diverse ex situ populations that can meaningfully contribute to in situ conservation (Lacy et al 2013). Molecular tools have the potential to complement and validate traditional studbook-based genetic management of captive populations, with the goal of reducing the negative effects of inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity (Putnam and Ivy 2013). Complete pedigrees are required to effectively manage the genetic status of captive populations (Ivy and Lacy 2010), but these are not always available, as the parentage of offspring is often uncertain (Putnam and Ivy 2013).
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