Abstract
Time–domain simulation of electronic and thermal circuits is required by a large array of applications, such as the design and optimization of electric vehicle powertrain components. While efficient execution is always a desirable feature of simulation codes, in certain cases like System-in-the-Loop setups, real-time performance is demanded. Whether real-time code execution can be achieved or not in a particular case depends on a series of factors, which include the mathematical formulation of the equations that govern the system dynamics, the techniques used in code implementation, and the capabilities of the hardware architecture on which the simulation is run. In this work, we present an evaluation framework of numerical methods for the simulation of electronic and thermal circuits from the point of view of their ability to deliver real-time performance. The methods were compared using a set of nontrivial benchmark problems and relevant error metrics. The computational efficiency of the simulation codes was measured under different software and hardware environments, to determine the feasibility of using them in industrial applications with reduced computational power.
Highlights
Computer simulation of dynamical systems is currently a necessary and often critical step in a large number of engineering applications
Each diode in this system can be in a reverse or forward state; iterative solvers may run into numerical issues during the transitions between them
This paper puts forward a methodology to evaluate the performance of time–domain simulation methods for electric, electronic, and thermal equivalent circuits, oriented towards the determination of their suitability to be used in real-time environments
Summary
Computer simulation of dynamical systems is currently a necessary and often critical step in a large number of engineering applications. This task can be performed in an efficient way by means of co-simulation schemes, integrating the dynamics of each subsystem with its own dedicated solver, and coupling these through the exchange of a limited set of input and output variables [2,3,4,5] This is the case of test benches in the automotive industry, in which physical components of a vehicle are interfaced to an RT simulation of the overall system, which may include mechanical, thermal, electronic, or hydraulic effects, as well as interactions with the driving environment. Test benches for e-powertrains, for instance, showcase the interest of developing effective simulation methods for circuits that represent engineering systems whose purpose is the management and control of energy flows in industrial applications [6]
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