Abstract
Abstract. Mumbai city is the financial capital of India and is fifth most densely populated city in the world. Seismic soil liquefaction is evaluated for Mumbai city in terms of the factors of safety against liquefaction (FS) along the depths of soil profiles for different earthquakes with 2% probability of exceedance in 50 yr using standard penetration test (SPT)-based simplified empirical procedure. This liquefaction potential is evaluated at 142 representative sites in the city using the borehole records from standard penetration tests. Liquefaction potential index (LPI) is evaluated at each borehole location from the obtained factors of safety (FS) to predict the potential of liquefaction to cause damage at the surface level at the site of interest. Spatial distribution of soil liquefaction potential is presented in the form of contour maps of LPI values. As the majority of the sites in the city are of reclaimed land, the vulnerability of liquefaction is observed to be very high at many places.
Highlights
Liquefactions and associated ground failures have been widely observed during numerous devastating earthquakes
The factors of safety against liquefaction (FS) and the corresponding liquefaction potential index (LPI) are determined by comparing the seismic demand expressed in terms of cyclic stress ratio (CSR) to the capacity of liquefaction resistance of the soil expressed in terms of cyclic resistance ratio (CRR)
Cyclic stress ratio (CSR) characterizes the seismic demand induced by a given earthquake, and it can be determined from peak ground surface acceleration that depends upon site-specific ground motions
Summary
Liquefactions and associated ground failures have been widely observed during numerous devastating earthquakes. Factors of safety (FS) along the depth of soil profile are generally evaluated using the surface level peak ground acceleration (PGA), earthquake magnitude (Mw), and SPT data, namely SPT blow counts (N ), overburden pressure (σv), fines content (FC), clay content, liquid limits and grain size distribution (Seed and Idriss, 1971; Seed et al, 1985; Youd et al, 2001). LPI combines depth, thickness, and factor of safety against liquefaction (FS) of soil layers and predicts the potential of liquefaction to cause damage at the surface level at the site of interest. An attempt has been made to determine the liquefaction potential index (LPI) from the factors of safety (FS) along the depth at each representative borehole at Mumbai city based on the method proposed by Youd et al (2001)
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