Assessment of Landscape Ecological Risk and Its Driving Factors for the Ebinur Lake Basin from 1985 to 2022

Influenced by human activities, the largest freshwater lake in China, Poyang Lake is suffering from landscape degradation and increased ecological risks. However, the specific landscape ecological risk in Poyang Lake region remains unknown. The impact of land use change on landscape pattern and ecological risk around Poyang Lake has not been revealed. In order to analyze the spatio‐temporal distribution characteristics of landscape ecological risk in Poyang Lake region, this study constructed a landscape ecological risk index model based on GIS, geostatistics, and landscape ecology theory. The results show that: (a) all land use types in Poyang Lake region had been changed during the period 2010–2018. While large tracts of farmland and woodland were converted into construction land, farmland and woodland have seen the largest decrease and construction land has increased greatly. (b) On the whole, the low and medium‐low landscape ecological risk area accounted for about 60% of the total area, while high and medium‐high risk area increased during 2010–2018. The landscape ecological risk has seen a downward trend with increased low and medium‐low ecological risk areas during 2010–2018. Spatially, ecological risk in the core waters of Poyang Lake was higher, while in the surrounding waters was lower. (c) The landscape ecological risk in Poyang Lake Region in each period shown positive spatial correlation and tended to be spatially agglomerative. The high‐high risk clusters were mainly located in the core waters of the Lake area, while the low‐low risk clusters were mainly located far away from the core waters, including county and city areas. (d) In 2018, farmland, woodland, grassland, and unutilized land were dominated by medium and medium low risk, the landscape ecological risk in the water area was the highest, and that of construction land was the lowest. The decrease rate of ERI in water areas was the largest, indicating that the change of water area contributed the most to the reduction of landscape ecological risk. During the process of ecological risk management in Poyang Lake Region, attention should be paid to the changes of the water area's structure and quality.

The increase in ecological risks caused by human activities has become a global concern in recent years. The Landscape Ecological Risk Index based on the theory of landscape ecology is more suitable for assessing large-scale ecological risks. Assessing landscape ecological risks and the mechanisms by which humans directly or indirectly affect them will help to manage and control the regions’ ecological risks through scientific and policy methods. In this study, a new model of landscape ecological risk assessment based on the moving window method is proposed. The Loess Plateau of China is used as an example, and the Human Footprint Index dataset of the Loess Plateau is constructed. Different human footprint factors and climate factors are applied, and the human direct and indirect effects on the landscape ecological risks of the Loess Plateau are explored based on the geographical detector model. The results show that, in 2000, 2010 and 2020, the landscape ecological risks of the Loess Plateau are currently in an unstable state, and the highest value area of the Landscape Ecological Risk Index continues to expand, with values of 113,566.1553 km2, 114,575.6772 km2 and 120,718.5363 km2, respectively. Among all the human footprint factors, the population density factor has the highest effect on the landscape ecological risks of the Loess Plateau. Among the climate factors, both the average temperature factor and the average lagged temperature factor have significant effects on the landscape ecological risks of the Loess Plateau. With the interaction of any two human footprint factors and climate factors, the effect of these factors on the landscape ecological risks of the Loess Plateau is enhanced.

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于景观格局-服务的景观生态风险评价——以广州市为例 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201903060425 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(41571172) Assessing landscape ecological risk based on landscape pattern and services in Guangzhou during 1990-2015 Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:城市化对景观的结构和功能造成极大干扰,城市景观变化引起的生态风险受到城市生态建设的关注,但景观生态风险评价技术体系尚待深化,以促进风险防范决策。研究选取植被碳固定、土壤保持、水源涵养与提供和栖息地提供等景观服务改进景观脆弱度的评价方法,以广州市为案例研究区,评价了1990-2015年广州市城市景观生态风险及其时空变化特征。研究结果表明:(1)基于景观格局与服务的景观生态风险评价能够有效地评估城市景观生态风险的空间分布,但评价需要关注结果验证和辅助情景分析,方可为景观生态风险的预警和预测提供科学依据。(2)1990-2015年广州市的景观干扰度先增加后降低,2000年是景观干扰度变化的转折点;25年间,景观脆弱度不断增加,中脆弱度和高脆弱度比例之和维持在60%以上;2000年是景观生态风险的转折点,1990-2000年景观生态风险趋于增大,2000-2015年景观生态风险趋向降低;景观干扰度、脆弱度和生态风险在空间上呈现南部高于北部,西部高于东部的分布特征。(3)近25年,广州市景观生态风险与景观变化具有较好的空间一致性。维持低风险的比例为40.74%,基本都分布在北部山区,而维持高风险的比例为6.67%,由低风险向高风险的转变比例为32.28%,由高风险转变为低风险的比例为20.31%。 Abstract:Landscape ecological risk assessment (LERA) is an effective tool developed in recent years to support landscape ecological construction and management. The ecological risk caused by landscape change or land-use and land-cover change has received increased attention by policy-makers. High-intensity human activities disturbed the pattern and function of ecosystem and the hotspot of landscape change in urban areas, which contributed to the uncertainty of ecological risk. Therefore, it is urgent to improve the LERA method to provide quantitative analysis for landscape management and comprehensive risk prevention. There are several methods used for LERA such as landscape metrics and landscape source-sink risk. However, the classic model of traditional ecological risk assessment followed the mode of risk source identification-receptor analysis-exposure and hazard assessment. In order to improve the LERA method in urban areas, this research followed the landscape metrics method, but improved the algorithm of vulnerability for landscape services. A series of landscape services indicators were reselected to denote landscape vulnerability, including carbon storage, water provision and purification, soil conservation, and habitat quality. This study used multi-source data to analyze the spatio-temporal changes and characteristics of landscape ecological risk based on 1 km×1 km spatial resolution in Guangzhou, a typical area experiencing rapid urbanization, for the period 1990-2015. The results were as follows: (1) LERA based on landscape pattern and landscape service can effectively evaluate the spatial distribution of urban landscape ecological risk. The low landscape ecological risk type is typical and these areas were regularly distributed over the 25 years. In the study stage, the year of 2000 was the transition period. (2) The landscape disturbance degree of Guangzhou increased first and then decreased over the 1990-2015 period; 2000 was the year when the degree of landscape disturbance changed. Landscape vulnerability is increasing. Together, medium vulnerability and high vulnerability areas accounted for more than 60% of the area; these areas were more common in the south than the north, and more common in the west than in the east. The landscape ecological risk in Guangzhou was increasing before 2000, and showed a tendency to decrease after 2000. (3)The landscape ecological risks transition showed that landscape changes and ecological risk have a good spatial consistency in Guangzhou during the 25-year study period. The area with a low landscape risk was 40.74%, and this area was mostly distributed in the northern mountainous areas. The area with a high landscape risk was 6.67%, the transition from low risk to high risk was 32.28%, and high risk change to low risk was 20.31%. This shows that landscape changes in urban area has a high risk after rapid urbanization. However, the uncertainty of LERA still plagued the application of LERA in policy-making. Further research can pay more attention to the verification of assessment results or use scenario analysis to quantify spatiotemporal characteristics of risk to improve the scientific basis for the early warning and prediction of landscape ecological risk. Then, the LERA applications in urban areas can be acceptable for landscape management or policy-making. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Landscape ecological risk evaluation and prediction under a wetland conservation scenario in the Sanjiang Plain based on land use/cover change

Xishuangbanna is a major natural rubber and tea production base in China and a national nature reserve with the best-preserved tropical ecosystem. However, the extensive exploitation and use of land resources impact the land use/land cover (LULC) and the processes of regional landscape ecology, further causing a battery of ecological and environmental problems. It is necessary to evaluate landscape ecological risk objectively and quantitatively for improving the ecological environment and maintaining ecological balance. First, this study selected China Land Cover Dataset (CLCD) to analyze the changes in LULC. Second, we constructed the landscape ecological risk index (ERI) using LULC changes based on Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. Third, the spatial-temporal pattern and spatial autocorrelation of landscape ecological risk were assessed in our study area. The results showed that the significant change in LULC was that the areas of cropland increased, and the areas of forests decreased during 1990–2019; the forests of a total area of 859.93 km2 were transferred to croplands. The landscape ecological risk kept a low and stable level from 1990 to 2019, more than 75% of the study area remained at the lower or lowest risk level, and in about 70% of the total study area, the ERI level maintained stability. In addition, the landscape ecological risk of the Xishuangbanna increased during 1990–2010 and decreased during 2010–2019. The ecological risk was a significant spatial autocorrelation and has been an aggregation trend in space from 1990 to 2019. Our research can identify key risk areas and provide a reference for the management and sustainable use of land resources, which promotes the understanding of landscape ecological risk and sustainable development of the ecological environment.

The sustainable development goals (SDGs) of the United Nations are focused on regional development and ecological security. Based on these SDGs, quantitative regional landscape ecological risk assessment is significant to realize regional sustainable development. This study took the central mountainous area (CMA) of Hainan Island as the research area, and combined SDGs and a patch-generating land-use simulation (PLUS) model to analyze multi-scenario land-use change and landscape ecological risk simulation. The study results show that the low ecological risk areas are located in the central hinterland of the CMA, and the high ecological risk areas are located on the northern and southern edges, with strong disturbances from human activities. The construction land in the CMA expanded drastically from 2010 to 2018, mainly invading forestland and grassland, leading to landscape fragmentation, which was the main cause of the increased ecological risk in the CMA landscape. The future multi-scenario simulations for SDGs show that under the scenario of natural development and economic development, the construction land and water area will significantly expand and the forest land will be dramatically reduced. Under the ecological protection scenario, the expansion of construction land will be restrained, and the area of forest land will increase. The results showed that the landscape ecological risks in the three simulated scenarios would be higher than in 2018, but the increase in the landscape ecological risks under the ecological protection scenario would be relatively slight. Forest land plays an essential role in maintaining the ecological security of the CMA. The expanding construction land in the CMA has led to landscape fragmentation and increased ecological risk. Therefore, it is necessary to protect the forest land in the CMA. In addition, construction and development should be limited in high-risk areas. Although the adoption of the ecological conservation scenario favors regional sustainability, it is still necessary to improve ecological protection policies such as ecological compensation to ensure the realization of other SDGs.

Contradiction or coordination? The spatiotemporal relationship between landscape ecological risks and urbanization from coupling perspectives in China

Landscape ecological risk is considered the basis for regional ecosystem management decisions. Thus, it is essential to understand the spatial and temporal evolutionary patterns and drivers of landscape ecological risk. However, existing studies lack exploration of the long-term time series and driving mechanisms of landscape ecological risk. Based on multi-type remote sensing data, this study assesses landscape pattern changes and ecological risk in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area from 1990 to 2020 and ranks the driving factors using a geographical detector. We then introduce the geographically weighted regression model to explore the local spatial contributions of driving factors. Our results show: (1) From 1990 to 2020, the agricultural land decreased, while forest and construction land expanded in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. The overall landscape pattern shifted toward aggregation. (2) The landscape ecological risk exhibited a decreasing trend. The areas with relatively high landscape ecological risk were primarily concentrated in the main urban area in the western region of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area and along the Yangtze River, with apparent spatial aggregation. (3) Social and natural factors affected landscape ecological risk. The main driving factors were human interference, annual average temperature, population density, and annual precipitation; interactions occurred between the drivers. (4) The influence of driving factors on landscape ecological risk showed spatial heterogeneity. Spatially, the influence of social factors (human interference and population density) on landscape ecological risk was primarily positively correlated. Meanwhile, the natural factors’ (annual average temperature and annual precipitation) influence on landscape ecological risk varied widely in spatial distribution, and the driving mechanisms were more complex. This study provides a scientific basis and reference for landscape ecological risk management, land use policy formulation, and optimization of ecological security patterns.

Landscape pattern evolution and ecological risk assessment of the Yellow River Basin based on optimal scale

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于土地利用变化的细河流域景观生态风险评估 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201708111440 作者: 作者单位: 辽宁师范大学城市与环境学院,辽宁师范大学城市与环境学院,辽宁师范大学,辽宁师范大学城市与环境学院,辽宁师范大学城市与环境学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（41701208）；辽宁省教育厅课题（L201683678） Landscapeecological risk assessment of Xi river Basin based on land-use change Author: Affiliation: Liaoning Normal University,,,Liaoning Normal University,,, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:以辽宁省细河流域为研究对象，利用1985、1995年和2005年3个时期的Landsat TM及2015年Landsat OLI遥感数据，进行了细河流域土地利用解译，定量分析了流域近30年来土地利用动态变化特征；根据景观生态学理论引入景观生态风险评价模型，将研究区划分为340个生态风险评价单元，基于地统计学和空间自相关方法，对1985-2015年细河流域景观生态风险时空分布特征及空间关联格局进行了评价。结果表明：（1）自1985年以来，研究区的6种土地利用类型皆发生了变化，其中建设用地由于林地和耕地的大量转入增加最明显。（2）1985-2015年流域高、较高和中生态风险区面积增加，且向流域南部转移；低、较低生态风险区面积减少，且向流域北部集聚；流域整体生态风险呈增高趋势。（3）研究区各时期景观生态风险呈现正的空间相关性，在空间上趋于集聚。人类活动干扰导致景观破碎，是影响该区域景观生态风险最重要的原因。 Abstract:Land-use change (LUC) affects environmental factors such as soil, atmosphere, and water. Moreover, it threatens regional ecological and environmental health. Landscape pattern is an important indicator that reflects the characteristics of land-use structure, composition and spatial configuration.Landscape changes and their eco-environmental effects have received much attention from researchers and the public. Landscape ecological risk assessment focuses on spatial heterogeneity and the correlations of landscape patterns with ecological processes. The identification of ecological elements and processes in a watershed, particularly within the context of rapid urbanization and environmental change, is of great significance for landscape ecological risk assessment. The Xi River, a tributary of the Taizi River, is located in Liaoning province and runs from south to north through Benxi city. Benxi city is an important heavy industry base in China. It is famous for its metallurgical and mining industries. In recent years, mining has caused many serious environmental problems, which include environmental pollution, mining-induced desertification, and geo-environmental hazards. The landscape pattern of the Xi River Basin has changed significantly because of large-scale mining exploration and deforestation. In this study, remote sensing data, such as those acquired from Landsat TM in 1985, 1995, and 2005, and Landsat OLI in 2015, are used. Land-use types were interpreted, and the dynamic changes in the landscape pattern were analyzed. The whole basin was then divided into 340 ecological risk assessment units. In addition, landscape ecological risks of the Xi River Basin were evaluated using the ERI (Ecological risk index). Geostatistical methods and spatial autocorrelation methods were also used to explore the spatial distribution and accumulation characteristics of landscape ecological risks. The results showed that (1) since 1985, all six types of land use have changed, and the area of construction land has increased the most because of large amount of forest and farmland changing into it. (2) from 1985 to 2015, the regions with highest, higher, and moderate levels of ecological risk have increased and moved from north to south, whereas the regions with the lowest and lower levels of ecological risk have decreased and moved from south to north, thus causing ecological risks for the whole basin to increase; (3) the landscape ecological risks showed positive spatial correlation characteristics, which implied that they were prone to gathering. This study has revealed that the main reason for the temporal and spatial variation of ecological risks in the Xi River Basin is human activity. Land-use changes have the most important effects on ecological risk factors.The assessment of ecological risks in the Xi River Basin can provide a reference for ecological conservation efforts. Managers should determine an optimal combination of the present land-use types with improved reasonable land-use types to improve the land-use structure. We should undertake integrative and rational planning and land-use management aimed at alleviating ecological risks in the Xi River basin, while considering water and environmental pollution, as well as soil erosion problems together. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

The Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle (CCEC) is becoming the fourth growth pole in China after the Yangtze River Delta Economic Circle (YRDEC); Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao Economic Circle (GBAEC); Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei Economic Circle (BTHEC). The land use and landscape ecological management of the CCEC is critical to its social and economic development. Using ArcGIS modeling and Fragstats processing methods, we divided the CCEC into 5 km × 5 km ecological risk areas and constructed a landscape ecological risk index evaluation model to calculate the spatial and temporal dynamic changes in the urban expansion and landscape ecological risk over the last 20 years. The results show that the land use was mainly cultivated land, which exhibited a decreasing trend and was mainly converted to construction land and forest land. The change in the construction land exhibited a continuous expansion trend with the dual core in Chengdu-Chongqing. The average risk of 10,155 risk communities was about 0.16. The expansion of human activities increased the landscape ecological risk of the construction land, and the risk of the edge of the cultivated land was higher than the internal risk value. The ecological risk index values of 16 cities in the study area ranged from 0.02 to 0.28. The resistance of the landscape pattern to external disturbance was stronger than that in other regions of China. The landscape ecological risk is controllable overall. However, the higher level of economic development in Chengdu, Chongqing, and other mature cities poses a greater landscape ecological risk. The results of this research provide an important reference for promoting the optimization and construction of the land space in the CCEC, building ecological shelters, and preventing ecological risk in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.

The land use and land cover pattern of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is an important basis for the structure and function of the QTP ecological barrier. It is of great significance to simulate the land use pattern and landscape ecological risk of the QTP under future scenarios for the construction of the QTP barrier area and to promote the sustainable use of land resources. The QTP was selected as the study area. Based on the spatial pattern of land use in 2010 and 2020, the PLUS model was used to predict the land use patterns of the QTP in 2030 under the two scenarios of natural development and ecological conservation. The landscape ecological risk index was constructed to evaluate the past, present, and future landscape ecological risk of the QTP. The natural break point method was used to divide the landscape ecological risk index into five levels: lower ecological risk, low ecological risk, medium ecological risk, high ecological risk, and higher ecological risk. The results showed that: (1) Under the natural development scenario, the area of cropland, forestland, grassland, and unused land decreased continuously, while the areas of water and built-up land increased gradually. Under the ecological conservation scenario, the areas of forestland and grassland increased by 130 km2 and 2293 km2, respectively, compared with the natural development scenario. (2) Under the natural development scenario, the overall ecological risk of the QTP increased from 2010 to 2030, which showed that the proportions of lower ecological risk area decreased, while the proportion of medium and high ecological risk area increased. Under the ecological conservation scenario, compared with the natural development scenario, the area of lower, low, and high ecological risk increased by 4044 km2, 2484 km2, and 6401 km2, respectively, while the areas of medium and higher ecological risk decreased by 6333 km2 and 6597 km2, respectively.

Analysis of landscape pattern and ecological risk change characteristics in Bosten Lake basin based on optimal scale

IntroductionThe Kuye River Basin, a typical erosion area of the Loess Plateau region with the second largest tributary of the Yellow River Basin, faces significant environmental challenges and intense human activities. Balancing environmental sustainability and economic development in this region is urgent.MethodsTherefore, this study takes this basin as the object and evaluates the landscape ecological risk and human activity intensity from 2000 to 2022 based on land use/land cover, population distribution and nighttime lighting data. And a geographically weighted regression model was used to reveal the correlation between the two.Results and discussionResults showed that the average landscape ecological risk index in 2000, 2015, and 2022 were 9.01×10-4, 5.61×10-4, and 7.40×10-4, respectively. This shows that the overall landscape ecological risk index is low in the first 15 years and then gradually increases over time. Cultivated land, grassland and construction land are the main landscapes, the expansion of 7.95 times construction land is a key factor in the intensification of human activities, mainly concentrated in the northwest, followed by a gradual expansion towards the south-east, and likewise the landscape ecological risks follow the same trend. Medium to high intensity human activities exacerbate landscape ecological risks, with a significant positive correlation, while low intensity human activities cause little damage to landscape ecology. To achieve sustainability, it is necessary to effectively control construction land and improve land use structure. Then, in the planning work, priority will be given to the northwest region with high human activity intensity and high landscape ecological risks, and the governance direction will gradually shift to the southeast region. These findings provide empirical evidence to support decision-making and underscore the need for comprehensive strategies to mitigate landscape ecological risks and promote sustainable development in the Kuye River Basin.

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于生态系统服务价值和景观生态风险的生态分区识别与优化策略——以祁连山国家公园青海片区为例 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202112263653 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 青海省防灾减灾重点实验室开放基金项目（QFZ-2021-Z09）；国家自然科学基金项目（U21A2021）；国家重点研发计划（2019YFC0507402）；祁连山国家公园（青海片区）高寒湿地监测及保护恢复项目（QHTX-2020-040） Ecological zoning identification and optimization strategies based on ecosystem service value and landscape ecological risk: Taking Qinghai area of Qilian Mountain National Park as an example Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:生态空间分区识别是支撑自然保护地生态资产管理的前提性和基础性工作。以祁连山国家公园青海片区（以下简称为"园区"）为例，集成遥感技术、地理信息模型方法、景观生态学方法、GIS格网法，分析了园区1998-2018年土地利用、生态系统服务价值、景观生态风险的时空演变特征，选用Z-score标准化构建了四类生态分区。结果表明：（1）草地占园区面积的55.00％以上，30年间（1998-2018年）园区土地利用之间转移总面积为102.49 km2。（2）3个时期（1998年、2008年、2018年）园区生态系统服务价值（ESV）约为274亿元/a，单位面积ESV为172.94万元/km2。不同ESV等级呈现"大分散、小集聚"的镶嵌交错分布格局，高寒河源湿地区和寒温带针叶林区为ESV的高值区。（3）3个时期园区景观生态风险指数（ERI）分别为0.2287、0.2286和0.2310，生态安全状态整体较好，景观生态风险以低生态风险等级和较低生态风险等级占主导地位，占园区面积的90.00%左右。人工牧草地、旱地、建设用地的景观生态风险等级较高。（4）结合生态系统服务价值和景观生态风险两个维度将园区划分为生态保障型生境修复区（I）、生态脆弱型特别保护区（II）、生态改良型发展利用区（III）和生态预防型保育涵养区（IV）四类生态分区，并提出差异化管控方案。 Abstract:Identification of spatial zoning of ecological functions is a prerequisite and fundamental work to support the management of ecological assets in nature reserves. In this study, the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of land use/cover types, ecosystem service values and landscape ecological risks in the Qilian Mountains National Park Qinghai Area from 1998 to 2018 were analyzed by applying remote sensing, geographic information modeling, landscape ecology and GIS grid methods, and four types of ecological zoning were constructed by Z-score standardization. The results show that:(1) Grassland in Qinghai area of Qilian Mountain National Park was above 55.00%, and the total area transferred between land use types in Qinghai area of Qilian Mountain National Park during 30 years (1998-2018) was 102.49 km2, among which the largest area of medium-coverage grassland was transferred out, which was 34.83 km2, and the largest area of artificial grassland was transferred in, which was 24.61 km2. (2) The ecosystem service value (ESV) of the Qinghai area of Qilian Mountains National Park in three periods (1998, 2008, 2018) was about 27.4 billion yuan/year, and the ecosystem service value per unit area was 1.7294 million yuan/km2. The water and wetland ecosystems contributed the largest amount of ecosystem service value, accounting for more than 44.00%, and the alpine river source wetlands and cold temperate coniferous forests were the high value areas of ecosystem service value. (3) The landscape ecological risk index (ERI) of the Qinghai Area of Qilian Mountain National Park in 1998, 2008 and 2018 were 0.2287, 0.2286 and 0.2310, respectively, with an overall good ecological safety status. The landscape ecological risk is dominated by low ecological risk level and lower ecological risk level, accounting for about 90.00%. The landscape ecological risk level of artificial grassland, dry land and construction land is higher. (4) The Qinghai area of the Qilian Mountains National Park was divided into four types of ecological spatial zones:ecologically secure habitat restoration zone (I), ecologically fragile special protection zone (II), ecologically improved development and utilization zone (III), and ecologically preventive conservation and nurturing zone (IV), based on two dimensions of ecosystem service value and landscape ecological risk. The Z-score standardized four-quadrant division results show that the ecological spatial zoning structure of the Qinghai area of the Qilian Mountains National Park shows a trend of steady to good change, according to which a differentiated and targeted ecological spatial zoning control scheme was proposed. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献