Abstract
Article History Background: sputum cytology is an important biomarker that can be used to assess infectious and inflammatory changes associated with different etiological factors. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the infectious and inflammatory changes associated with exposure to cement dust. Methodology: In this cross-sectional cases control study, 500 apparently healthy volunteers were selected. Of the 500 study subjects, 400 were exposed to cement dust (ascertained as cases) and 100 were non-exposed (ascertained as controls). Sputum specimen was collected and subsequently demonstrated using Papanicalauo method. Results: Inflammatory cells infiltrate associated with exposure to cement dust was found to be statistically significant (RR= 2.1214, 95% CI = 1.6142 to 2.7881, P < 0.0001). The risk of viral infection associated with exposure to cement dust was found to be (RR= 1.6250, 95% CI = 0.7078 to 3.7308, P = 0.2522). The risk associated with bacterial infection was (RR= 13.6350, 95% CI = 1.9091 to 97.3805, P = 0.0092). The risk associated with fungal infection was (RR= 2.2725, 95% CI = 0.2912 to 17.7315, P = 0.4335). Conclusion: Exposure to cement dust is a significant risk that enhances infectious and inflammatory change in the lung of exposed individuals.
Highlights
Environmental air pollution is a major risk factor that potentially contribute to burden of several diseases including; stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and both chronic and acute respiratory diseases, including asthma (WHO, 2014).Outdoor air pollution is carcinogenic and associated with increased lung cancer incidence
MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study 500 apparently healthy Yamani volunteers were investigated for the presence of inflammatory and infectious cytological evidences that might be associated with exposure to cement dust
The overall inflammatory cells infiltrate was observed among 297/400 (74.3%) of the cases and 35/100(35%) of the controls, and the risk of exposure to cement dust in inducing of inflammatory cells infiltrate was found to be statistically significant
Summary
Environmental air pollution is a major risk factor that potentially contribute to burden of several diseases including; stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and both chronic and acute respiratory diseases, including asthma (WHO, 2014).Outdoor air pollution is carcinogenic and associated with increased lung cancer incidence. Influences of air pollution related lung effects most commonly due to the direct interaction between the external environment and internal biological systems and processes. The raw materials needed for the production of cement are mainly limestone and sources of silica, aluminium and iron. These are quarried, crushed and milled to a raw meal, which is heated in a kiln to approximately 1450°C to form clinker (cement base). A number of studies have found relations between aerosol exposure and adversarial respiratory health effects among cement production workers (Noor, et al.2000; Ballal, et al 2004; Mwaiselage, et al 2004; Neghab and choobineh,2007). Most studies have limitations because of their cross-sectional design, nonspecific quantitative exposure data
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