Assessment of increased intracranial pressure in patients with brain injury

Abstract

Background: Monitoring and managing elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is one of the core topics in neurocritical care. Although invasive methods are regarded as standard means, the recent development of non-invasive monitoring devices help clinicians handle ICP issues without additional risks of device-related complications.Current Concepts: According to the Monro–Kellie hypothesis, any brain injury that can cause a mass effect will lead to ICP elevation. Therefore, an ICP surge beyond the capacity of a compensatory reserve will decrease cerebral blood flow and may end up causing secondary brain damage. Indications for invasive ICP monitoring may vary according to the underlying conditions or the severity of brain damage. Regardless, ICP monitoring is considered when there is a risk of ICP elevation. In addition to pressure monitoring, external ventricular drainage catheters are used therapeutically to drain cerebrospinal fluid to reduce ICP. Several ICP monitoring probes are available based on pressure measurement types. Recently, non-invasive ICP monitoring methods have been developed and are increasingly used in patients with severe brain injuries. Pulsatility index from transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, quantitative pupillary light reflex from an automated pupillometer, and optic nerve sheath diameter using ultrasonography are commonly used surrogates for ICP surges in neurointensive care units.Discussion and Conclusion: ICP monitoring is essential for managing patients with severe brain injuries. Understanding the differences among the ICP monitors and determining the appropriate methods for ICP monitoring is necessary for optimizing patients’ care in the neurocritical care unit.