Assessment of hepatic arterial hemodynamics with 4D flow MRI: in vitro analysis of motion and spatial resolution related error and in vivo feasibility study in 20 volunteers.

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To assess the ability of four-dimensional (4D) flow MRI to measure hepatic arterial hemodynamics by determining the effects of spatial resolution and respiratory motion suppression in vitro and its applicability in vivo with comparison to two-dimensional (2D) phase-contrast MRI. A dynamic hepatic artery phantom and 20 consecutive volunteers were scanned. The accuracies of Cartesian 4D flow sequences with k-space reordering and navigator gating at four spatial resolutions (0.5- to 1-mm isotropic) and navigator acceptance windows (± 8 to ± 2 mm) and one 2D phase-contrast sequence (0.5-mm in -plane) were assessed in vitro at 3 T. Two sequences centered on gastroduodenal and hepatic artery branches were assessedin vivo for intra - and interobserver agreement and compared to 2D phase-contrast. In vitro, higher spatial resolution led to a greater decrease in error than narrower navigator window (30.5 to -4.67% vs -6.64 to -4.67% for flow). In vivo, hepatic and gastroduodenal arteries were more often visualized with the higher resolution sequence (90 vs 71%). Despite similar interobserver agreement (κ = 0.660 and 0.704), the higher resolution sequence had lower variability for area (CV = 20.04 vs 30.67%), flow (CV = 34.92 vs 51.99%), and average velocity (CV = 26.47 vs 44.76%). 4D flow had lower differences between inflow and outflow at the hepatic artery bifurcation (11.03 ± 5.05% and 15.69 ± 6.14%) than 2D phase-contrast (28.77 ± 21.01%). High-resolution 4D flow can assess hepatic artery anatomy and hemodynamics with improved accuracy, greater vessel visibility, better interobserver reliability, and internal consistency. • Motion-suppressed Cartesian four-dimensional (4D) flow MRI with higher spatial resolution provides more accurate measurements even when accepted respiratory motion exceeds voxel size. • 4D flow MRI with higher spatial resolution provides substantial interobserver agreement for visualization of hepatic artery branches. • Lower peak and average velocities and a trend toward better internal consistency were observed with 4D flow MRI as compared to 2D phase-contrast.