Abstract
Heavy metals have been reported to accumulate in sediment of Citarum River. The measurement of total heavy metals may not be able to provide information about the exact dimension of pollution, thus the determination of different fractions assumed great importance. This study was performed to determine chemical fractions of heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb and Cd) in sediment collected at 8 locations from Citarum River. The sequential extraction procedure was used to extract heavy metals in water-soluble, acid-soluble, MnO occluded, organically bound, FeO occluded and residual fraction in sediment. Bioavailability and potential ecological risk level of heavy metals were evaluated based on bioavailability factor (BF) and risk assessment code (RAC) method. The results showed that Cu, Ni, Cr were mostly in residual form, indicate those from geological sources. Cu had low bioavailability and no risk in all sediment samples of Citarum River. Ni and Cr each was found to have risk at 2 locations. Pb and Cd were found dominantly in non-residual fraction, suggest those from anthropogenic sources. BF and RAC analysis of Pb and Cd suggest that there is a potential risk to the aquatic environment.
Highlights
Citarum watershed is located in western part of Java island, and its basin covers 5 960 km2
Bioavailability and potential ecological risk level of heavy metals were evaluated based on bioavailability factor (BF) and risk assessment code (RAC) method
The objectives of this research were: (1) to quantify and assess spatial variations of studied elements copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) in sediment of Citarum River and (2) to determine the bioavailability and the potential ecological risk level based on the bioavailability factor (BF) and risk assessment code (RAC) method to support the management of heavy metals contamination in Citarum River
Summary
Citarum watershed is located in western part of Java island, and its basin covers 5 960 km. Toxic metals have been reported to accumulate in the both water and aquatic sediment of Citarum River. In water (midle segment of the Citarum River), several heavy metals were found such as Cd 0.01 mg/kg, Cr 0.107 mg/kg, Zn 0.109 mg/kg, Hg 0.00001 mg/kg, Cu 0.024 mg/kg, Pb 0.07 mg/kg and As 0.00079 mg/kg (Septiono et al, 2016). According to Muhajir et al (2004) accumulation of Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 10(4): 584-593 heavy metals in sediment in the downstream of Citarum River, Jakarta bay, consists of Pb 14.7 mg/kg, Cd 0.041 mg/kg, Cu 16.22 mg/kg, Zn 90.52 mg/kg, and Ni 10.21 mg/kg
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