Assessment of grouper and snapper fisheries with EAFM approach and sustainable strategy management in Sumbawa-Indonesia

The exploitation of lobster resources in the waters of the Central Lombok Regency, Indonesia is not effectively managed, causing problems in terms of resource availability and sustainability of lobster fishing operations. This study aimed to assess the status of lobster fisheries management and policy strategies for sustainable lobster fisheries management. Data were collected in three lobster fishing centres: Teluk Awang, Teluk Bumbang and Teluk Gerupuk. Methods used were a structured interview technique with questionnaires, focus group discussions (FGDs) and public consultation. The status of the lobster fishery was analysed using the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM) indicators with six Domains. The lobster fishery management status was classified as “moderate” (aggregate score 50/100). The Fisheries Resources Domain scored 35, indicating that lobster stocks are in “poor” condition. Four dimensions had a “moderate” status: the Fisheries Technology Dimension (43), the Economic Dimension (48), the Social Dimension (53), and the institutional dimension (55). The Habitat and Ecosystem Dimensions was classified as “good” (67). Sustainable lobster fisheries management strategies include regulating fishing quotas, banning gears which catch lobster seed, and optimizing the use of selective fishing gear; establishing a working group for lobster management; managing water quality and zonation of lobster habitat; transfer of lobster farming techniques; and empowering community coastwatch groups.

Indramayu Regency Karangsong village is part of the Fisheries Management Area (WPP 712) located in the north of the Java Sea. Karangsong is a fishing ground for red snapper (Lutjanus sp.) for small-scale fishermen that has high economic value. Information on the status of red snapper fisheries management in the Karangsong area is still very limited, so a scientific study is needed to determine the status of fisheries management with the right management approach. This study aims to assess the current condition of red snapper fisheries in Indramayu Waters, Karangsong village using five domains of indicators in the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM), namely fish resources, fishing techniques, economic, social, and institutional. Data collection was conducted through various techniques of direct red snapper sampling, in-depth interviews, questionnaires, and secondary data collection. Evaluation of the management status of fisheries management status was carried out using multi-criteria analysis (MCA) through the development of a composite index of each EAFM indicator. The analysis showed excellent criteria (dark green modeling flag) in the fish resource domain (93.69) and the fishing technique domain (92.97). Good criteria were also shown in the other three domains: social domain (77.62), economic domain (69.13), and institutional domain (75.80). The composite aggregate mean score of all domains was 81.84 (light green modeling flag). Red snapper fisheries management has implemented EAFM well and continuous monitoring is needed in the Karangsong area.

Resource managers worldwide are being asked to consider the ecosystem while making management decisions. Integrated Ecosystem Assessment (IEA) provides a flexible framework for addressing ecosystem considerations in decision making. The US Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council (Council) adapted the IEA approach and implemented a structured decision framework to address species, fleet, habitat, and climate interactions as part of their Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM) in 2016. The Council’s EAFM decision framework first uses risk assessment to prioritize fishery-ecosystem interactions for consideration. The Council’s 2017 EAFM risk assessment identified a range of ecological, social, and management objectives or risk elements. Development of a conceptual model to identify key environmental, ecological, social, economic, and management linkages for a high-priority fishery is the second step in the framework. The Council identified summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) as a high-risk fishery and finalized an EAFM conceptual model that considers high-risk factors and ecosystem elements in 2019. The Council used the conceptual model to identify three priority summer flounder management questions (recreational data uncertainty, recreational discards, and distribution shifts) to be considered for quantitative management strategy evaluation, the third step in the EAFM framework and set to begin in 2020. Finally, as strategies are implemented, outcomes are monitored and the process is adjusted, and/or other priorities identified in the risk assessment can be addressed. The Council’s rapid progress in implementing EAFM resulted from an extensive, positive, and collaborative process between managers, stakeholders, and scientists. Collaboration helps build trust and buy-in from all participants and is essential to IEA and to the success of EAFM.

The ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM) is one of a growing number of concepts generated since the late 1990s to describe taking a more comprehensive approach to the management of natural resources. Most countries now recognize the need to deal explicitly with all the ecological consequences of fishing activities as well as their social and economic implications. Implementing these concepts has previously proven difficult, but since the early 2000s substantial progress has been made in Australia and more recently in the Pacific region. This has been possible through the development of a practical framework for the assessment of wild capture fisheries against the principles of EAFM. This framework includes a four-step, risk-based process that generates an EAFM report on a fishery covering its impact on target species, by-catch species and the broader ecosystem, plus the potential social and economic outcomes produced and the fishery's current governance system. From experiences applying this framework, particularly within the Pacific, a number of critical lessons have been identified. These include the recognition that EAFM must be undertaken as a risk-based management process, not as the excuse for undertaking more detailed research. EAFM can be started with whatever level of information is available, with the process helping to determine what additional work is really needed rather than simply what is possible. Finally, implementing EAFM should not be used as an excuse to delay dealing with problems that are already well documented. The lack of good governance arrangements, not the lack of ecological data, has been the most commonly identified high-risk issue.

Malabar Red Snapper, Lutjanus malabaricus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801), is one of the leading commodities in the Indonesian Fisheries Management Area (WPPNRI 712). According to central statistics agency (2018), the trend for Malabar red snapper production has continuously increased over the last 5 years (2016-2020). The trend of red snapper production is inversely proportional to the state of the demersal fish resource potential in WPP 712, which is fully exploited (Rizal et al., 2023). Open-access fish resources must always be monitored and regulated for their utilization. An effective fisheries management model, namely the Ecosystem Approach To Fisheries Management (EAFM), was used. Research on red snapper fisheries management with EAFM provides an opportunity to address key challenges in fisheries management within Indonesia. A significant advantage of EAFM is its comprehensive scope, encompassing the entire fish resources and the important role of institutions in their management. The aim of this study is to analyze the current status regarding the management of the Red Snapper fishery for the development of a strategic plan. The data collection from each EAFM indicator was conducted using the Multi-stage proportional sampling technique. Data analysis used the multi-criteria analysis (MCA) approach. The assessment of red snapper resource management in Rembang Regency, based on the analysis of all ecosystem domains, obtained a score of 49.8. This score showed that the current status of red snapper resource management is in line with the implementation of EAFM, so that yellow flag color code is required.

The increase in the utilization of octopus fishery has made it one of the main commodities of the national fisheries sub-sector. One of the areas that make octopus the main commodity for fishing targets is located on Tarupa Island, Selayar Islands Regency. However, with the increasing market demand for octopuses, the pressure on catching octopus will increase so that it is feared that it will disrupt the octopus's own resources. This study aims to evaluate the management status of octopus fisheries on Tarupa Island using the EAFM (Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management) approach in the domain of fishing techniques. The assessment of fisheries management in this study uses a method that refers to the NWG EAFM (National Working Group Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management) module. In these various methods, the types of data taken are primary data and secondary data. Analysis of the data used an ordinal-based Likert scoring with scoring assessments of 1, 2, and 3. The greater the value, the better the EAFM fisheries management. The results showed that the management of octopus fisheries on Tarupa Island, Selayar Islands Regency based on the EAFM assessment in the fishing technique domain obtained a composite value of 92 with the category of Very Good status. The majority of all indicators get the maximum scoring value, only the fishery crew certification indicator by the regulations obtains the minimum scoring value

Pulling mechanisms and pushing strategies: How to improve Ecosystem Approach Fisheries Management advice within the European Union’s Common Fisheries Policy

The ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM) is not a new, radical way of managing fisheries. It is a clarification and expansion of the list of many things that fisheries management already takes into consideration while trying to regulate fishers and avoid overfishing. Unfortunately, the management of far too many fisheries around the world still does not even result in this most fundamental goal of avoiding overfishing and frequently results in the dissipation of the potential economic benefits that fisheries could produce-all before considering additional fine-tuning. The fishing industry is experiencing the same demands that other sectors of the food business are facing: constant calls for lower prices, better quality, safer foods, longer shelf life and foods that are more convenient to prepare. Impressively, by and large, the food industry has delivered on all of these counts. Consumers are now perceived as demanding fish products that come from well managed fishery resources that do not cause major disruptions to the ecosystem. Because customer perception is the reality of the marketplace, food retailers are complying with this new consumer demand and mainstreaming ecolabelled fish products, as part of various market-driven labels. Ecolabelling is becoming a vehicle for gaining an advantage in the marketplace. It is good business to be 'green'. Over recent decades, the fish processing sector of the industry has gone through a significant change in philosophy on how to respond to ever more demanding product safety and quality regimes. Largely, the successful approach has been to move away from centralized government controls towards making the industry responsible for implementing 'self control' systems that are verified and audited by governments. Such systems require well-specified objectives and ample record-keeping for industry to be able to prove due diligence. For the fishing industry, the framework provided by the ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM) is essentially yet another Quality System with which industry will have to comply. Indeed, many already call it the Environmental Management System (EMS). When EAFM/EMS are operational, they will require the collection of far more information regarding fishing activities than hitherto provided by fishermen. There will also be calls for transparency in presenting such information to the authorities and society at large in the form of 'social and environmental reporting'. Unfortunately, within 'Olympic' or 'Derby' fishery management regimes, where management measures already increase the costs of fishing by limiting seasons and gears, such additional and costly information gathering will be difficult to achieve. Fortunately, under management regimes where fishing rights are secure and foster long-term stewardship of the fishery ecosystem, fishermen will be able to realize the value of ecolabelled quality products as part of the good business of being green.

The role of scale within an Ecosystem Approach to fisheries management: Policy and practice in Southeast Asian seas

The study was conducted in Keffing Island, East Seram Regency with the aim of analyzing indicators of julung-julung management in the fish resource domain in the waters of Keffing Island, East Seram Regency. The emphasis on experimental fishing and the use of the EAFM method is expected to provide a clear picture of the management status of julung-julung in the fish resource domain. Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM) or can be understood as a concept of balancing socio-economic objectives in fisheries management by considering knowledge, information and uncertainties about biotic, abiotic and human interaction components in aquatic ecosystems through an integrated, comprehensive and sustainable fisheries management. The implementation of EAFM requires a set of indicators that can be used as a monitoring and evaluation tool regarding the extent to which fisheries management has implemented the principles of ecosystem-based management. The results showed that the assessment results of the fish resource domain, where the EAFM indicator showed a Composite Value value of 59.02 with a description of the status of julung fish management is in moderate condition.

The application of ecosystem considerations, and in particular ecosystem report cards, in federal groundfish fisheries management in Alaska can be described as an ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM). Ecosystem information is provided to managers to establish an ecosystem context within which deliberations of fisheries quota occur. Our goal is to make the case for the need for qualitative ecosystem assessments in EAFM, specifically that qualitative synthesis has advantages worthy to keep a permanent place at the fisheries management table. These advantages include flexibility and speed in responding to and synthesizing new information from a variety of sources. First, we use the development of indicator-based ecosystem report cards as an example of adapting ecosystem information to management needs. Second, we review lessons learned and provide suggestions for best practices for applying EAFM to large and diverse fisheries in multiple marine ecosystems. Adapting ecosystem indicator information to better suit the needs of fisheries managers resulted in succinct report cards that summarize ecosystem trends, complementing more detailed ecosystem information to provide context for EAFM. There were several lessons learned in the process of developing the ecosystem report cards. The selection of indicators for each region was influenced by geography, the extent of scientific knowledge/data, and the particular expertise of the selection teams. Optimizing the opportunity to qualitatively incorporate ecosystem information into management decisions requires a good understanding of the management system in question. We found that frequent dialogue with managers and other stakeholders leads to adaptive products. We believe that there will always be a need for qualitative ecosystem assessment because it allows for rapid incorporation of new ideas and data and unexpected events. As we build modelling and predictive capacity, we will still need qualitative synthesis to capture events outside the bounds of current models and to detect impacts of the unexpected.

Exploring the applicability of biological and socioeconomic tools in developing EAFM plans for data absent areas: Spinner dolphin EAFM for Kalpitiya, Sri Lanka

Fishery management is an activity that must be carried out to achieve sustainable fisheries. Fisheries management using the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM) approach is the sustainable use of fishery resources and protection of fish stocks in nature. One of the objectives of fisheries management in social and economic aspects is how fisheries can ensure the socio-economic welfare of the fishing community. Using fishing gear that is not environmentally friendly is one of the triggers for social conflict between fishermen and the uncertain selling price when the peak season of fish impacted the fishermen's economy. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to examine the socio-economic domain indicators from the aspect of EAFM-based coastal and marine resource ecosystem management. This research was conducted from January to February 2021, located in Simeulue District, Sub-District East Simeulue. The data collection method used in the study was interviews and field surveys. The determination of respondents is done by using a gradual sampling technique or stratified random sampling. Data analysis uses an ordinal-based Likert score of 1,2,3 for each indicator, namely the economic domain, fishery household income (RTP), savings ratio, asset ownership, and the social domain, namely stakeholder participation fisheries conflict and the use of local knowledge in fish resource management. Management status in East Simeulue District assessed the aggregate value of the economic domain in the medium category with a score of 48.3. Fishermen still earn less than the minimum wage, while in the social domain, it is in the excellent category with a score of 100 because fishermen, institutions, and related agencies work with each other. Keywords:EAFMEcosystem approachFishery management

There are a large variety and quite abundant types of small pelagic fish that have high economic value in the Sulawesi Sea. One of which is the blue scad fish or commonly known as malalugis (Decapterus macarellus). This study aims to analyze and determine the status of scad fisheries management and to develop recommendations in the management of scad fisheries in the waters of Sulawesi Sea, North Sulawesi Province. The evaluation of fishery management status is carried out using multi-criteria analysis (MCA) through the development of composite index of each indicator of Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM). The results showed that, in general, the status of scad fisheries management in North Sulawesi Province, was in ‘good’ category, specifically reviewed from the domain of fish resources fall into the category of “medium”, habitat and ecosystem “good”, fishing techniques “good”, economy “not good”, social “medium” and institutional “good”. Management actions take precedence over domains that have “poor” indicator values. Priority management action is implemented in the economic domain, followed by the domain of fish resources, social, institutional and fishing techniques.Indonesian title: Pengelolaan perikanan ikan layang (Decapterus spp.) di perairan Laut Sulawesi, Provinsi Sulawesi Utara, menggunakan EAFM

Fisheries management is an integrated approach using EAFM (Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management) is to be able to guarantee the long-term utilization of fishery and maintain the fish stock in the manifest. The purpose of this research is to know the details of the Institutional domain EAFM indicators in Simeulue District and how the level of effectiveness against the management of the fishery based EAFM. This research was conducted in January until April 2018 on Institutional Commander LaotLhokSimeulue Timur. The data collection methods used by doing the interview and the dissemination of the questionnaire, as well as data obtained from institutions. Methods of analysis used are a composite analysis with simple arithmetic and visualization average flag model (flag modeling). The results showed that the Commander Laotdimasing-masing location has a different value in Commander LaotLhokSimeulue Timur gained an aggregate value of 89 and is in good condition.