Abstract
This study analyzes the road freight sector of São Paulo state to identify the best options to reduce greenhouse gases emissions and local pollutants, such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons. Additionally, the investment cost of each vehicle is also analyzed. Results show that electric options, including hybrid, battery, and hydrogen fuel-cell electric vehicles represent the best options to reduce pollutants and greenhouse gases emissions concomitantly, but considerable barriers for their deployment are still in place. With little long-term planning on the state level, electrification of the transport system, in combination with increased renewable electricity generation, would require considerable financial support to achieve the desired emissions reductions without increasing energy insecurity.
Highlights
The transportation sector requires considerable analysis for energy-environmental planning [1,2], involving scenario creation to represent alternatives [3,4], data gathering on technologies from vehicles to fuel production pathways [5,6], and adequate representation of policy and regulation and other mechanisms of system change [7]
By considering the complexity of the problem in the energy–environment–transport nexus, this study aims to comprehensively analyze the alternative options for the road transport sector regarding greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions and significant local pollutants—particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO)—for the State of São Paulo, Brazil, with 2050 as a time horizon
Machado et al [9] point out that there is a lack of comprehensive analyses of the road transport sector from a global south perspective, with most of the focus being on high-income countries
Summary
The transportation sector requires considerable analysis for energy-environmental planning [1,2], involving scenario creation to represent alternatives [3,4], data gathering on technologies from vehicles to fuel production pathways [5,6], and adequate representation of policy and regulation and other mechanisms of system change [7]. It is an important sector, with very rapid growth in developing countries where energy-environmental planning is needed the most. It is apparent that accelerating mitigation actions in the short-term is necessary, requiring the private sector’s urgent involvement and greater engagement by subnational governments
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