Abstract
Agro-industries should adopt effective strategies to use agrochemicals such as glyphosate herbicides cautiously in order to protect public health. This entails careful testing and risk assessment of available choices, and also educating farmers and users with mitigation strategies in ecosystem protection and sustainable development. The key to success in this endeavour is using scientific research on biological pest control, organic farming and regulatory control, etc., for new developments in food production and safety, and for environmental protection. Education and research is of paramount importance for food and nutrition security in the shadow of climate change, and their consequences in food production and consumption safety and sustainability. This review, therefore, diagnoses on the use of glyphosate and the associated development of glyphosate-resistant weeds. It also deals with the risk assessment on human health of glyphosate formulations through environment and dietary exposures based on the impact of glyphosate and its metabolite AMPA—(aminomethyl)phosphonic acid—on water and food. All this to setup further conclusions and recommendations on the regulated use of glyphosate and how to mitigate the adverse effects.
Highlights
Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethylglycine; Figure 1a) is an aminophosphonate
This upward trend is expected to result in heavier environmental loads and increased human exposure to herbicides, including glyphosate and its main metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA; Figure 1b), and to the adjuvants contained in its formulations
The best approach to prevent resistant weeds is to use a combined weed management, and herbicides will likely be partly replaced with new technologies such as, among others, research on crop allelopathy [49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56] and engineering of microbial control agents [57,58,59,60,61]
Summary
Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethylglycine; Figure 1a) is an aminophosphonate. This compound is typically used as a broad-spectrum herbicide and is absorbed by plant leaves. Engineered herbicide-tolerant (GEHT) crops have considerably facilitated weed management in cotton, soybean, and maize [3,4,5] They have caused the emergence of glyphosate-resistant weed phenotypes [3,4,5,6,7,8]. The incorporation of additional herbicides into spraying programs [6,7] has caused herbicide per hectare on crops with GEHT varieties to escalate in this century [5,8,9] This upward trend is expected to result in heavier environmental loads and increased human exposure to herbicides, including glyphosate and its main metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA; Figure 1b), and to the adjuvants contained in its formulations. NIt tahlseoudseealosfwgiltyhpthheosriastkeaasnsedsstmheenatsosonchiautmedandheevaeltlhopomf gelynpthoofsgatleypfohromsualtaet-iroenssistant weethdrso.uIgt halesnovdireoanlms wenithanthdedriiestkaraysseexspsomsuernets obnasheudmonanthheeiamltphaoctf ogflygplyhpohsoastaetefoarnmduitlsations through environment and dietary exposures based on the impact of glyphosate and its metabolite AMPA on water and food. Common inclusion/exclusion criteria for references selection were based on publication date, mainly in the past 20 years, of both scientific-based papers and technical reports, with study designs, interests, and world overall coverage, applicable to all research questions below
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