Abstract
BackgroundPhosphorus is an essential macronutrient for the growth of plants. However, in most soils a large portion of phosphorus becomes insoluble and therefore, unavailable to plants. Knowledge on biodiversity of phosphate-solubilizing fluorescent pseudomonads is essential to understand their ecological role and their utilization in sustainable agriculture.ResultsOf 443 fluorescent pseudomonad strains tested, 80 strains (18%) showed positive for the solubilization of tri-calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) by the formation of visible dissolution halos on Pikovskaya's agar. These phosphate solubilizing strains showed high variability in utilizing various carbon sources. Numerical taxonomy of the phosphate solubilizing strains based on their carbon source utilization profiles resulted into three major phenons at a 0.76 similarity coefficient level. Genotypic analyses of strains by BOX (bacterial repetitive BOX element)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) resulted into three distinct genomic clusters and 26 distinct BOX profiles at a 80% similarity level. On the basis of phenotypic characterization and 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analyses strains were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. mosselii, P. monteilii, P. plecoglossicida, P. putida, P. fulva and P. fluorescens. These phosphate solubilizing strains also showed the production of plant growth promoting enzymes, hormones and exhibited antagonism against phytopathogenic fungi that attack on various crops. Gene specific primers have identified the putative antibiotic producing strains. These putative strains were grown in fermentation media and production of antibiotics was confirmed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).ConclusionPresent study revealed a high degree of functional and genetic diversity among the phosphate solubilizing fluorescent pseudomonad bacteria. Due to their innate potential of producing an array of plant growth promoting enzymes, hormones and antifungal metabolites these phosphate solubilizing strains are considered to play a vital role in plant growth promotion, disease suppression and subsequent enhancement of yield.
Highlights
Phosphorus is an essential macronutrient for the growth of plants
Phosphorus is considered as an essential macronutrient and a great portion of phosphorus from chemical fertilizers becomes insoluble by its conversion into calcium or magnesium salts in soils and become unavailable to plants
We have found that 49% of the strains produced Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 16% of the strains produced ACC deaminase
Summary
Phosphorus is an essential macronutrient for the growth of plants. in most soils a large portion of phosphorus becomes insoluble and unavailable to plants. Bacteria use several direct and indirect mechanisms of action to improve plant growth and health Mechanisms such as phosphate solubilization [3], aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase [4], nitrogen cycle [5] and phytohormone production [6] are considered as popular mechanisms. It is believed that microbial solubilization of phosphate in soil was correlated with the ability of microbes in producing selected organic acids and or extracellular polysaccharides [3,9]. This hypothesis has been corroborated by cloning pyrroloquinoline (PQQ) synthase [10,11,12] and gabY genes involved in gluconic acid production. Gluconic acid is the principal organic acid produced due to direct oxidation of glucose by Pseudomonas which was found to be involved in phosphate solubilization [13]
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