Abstract
The systematic and comprehensive geochemical analysis of dissolved fluoride (F−) in thirty-nine groundwater samples were carried out to understand the spatial and temporal variability, areas of potential risk, and mechanism of fluoride precipitation/solubility in Central India. The dissolved ions showed weathering of carbonate minerals in the study area. Fluoride concentrations were beyond the permissible limit (>1.5 mg/l) in the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. The fluoride concentrations showed following spatial variations: urban area > village in agricultural area > village in forest area. The human population living in village, urban, and forest areas reported skin, mouth, and stomach problems due to high fluoride in the groundwater. Rainfall shifted the unsaturated to saturated values of SIC and SIF in the monsoon season. Strong indicators of alkaline condition were effective-CO2 pressure ( $$ { \log }P_{{{\text{CO}}_{ 2} }} $$ ) and HCO3 −/Ca+2 ratio. The dissolved fluoride showed positive relationship with pH, TDS, and HCO3 −/Ca+2 explaining the global variability observed in ground water fluoride.
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