Abstract
This paper presents a short overview of the background to EP additives and their operating mechanism in relation to temperature activation, in the formulation of water-miscible metal working fluids. The physical and chemical properties, determined using standard laboratory equipment, and dynamic tests, of different formulations of water-miscible metal working fluids are given. The main work reported here was to compare the EP performance of available commercial additives, looking particularly at commercial variations of phosphate esters as replacements for chlorparaffins. The paper concludes that the ‘tapping and drilling’ test, which is a relatively good simulation of practical conditions in metalworking operations, can be successfully used as a way of selecting the appropriate EP additives, and for formulation of the concentrate.
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