Assessment of drug–drug interaction potential and PBPK modeling of CC-223, a potent inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin kinase

Abstract

1. CC-223 was studied in vitro for metabolism and drug–drug interactions (DDI), and in clinic for interaction with ketoconazole.2. In vitro, human metabolites of CC-223 included O-desmethyl CC-223 (M1), keto (M2), N-oxide (M3) and imine (M13), with M1 being the most prominent metabolite.3. CC-223 was metabolized by CYP2C9 and CYP3A, while metabolism of M1 was mediated by CYP2C8 and CYP3A. Ketoconazole increased CC-223 and M1 exposure by 60–70% in healthy volunteers.4. CC-223 (IC50 ≥ 27 µM) and M1 (IC50 ≥ 46 µM) were inhibitors of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 in human liver microsomes. CC-223 and M1 were moderate inducers of CYP3A in human hepatocytes.5. CC-223 was a substrate of BCRP, and M1 was a substrate of P-gp and BCRP. CC-223 was an inhibitor of P-gp (IC50 = 3.67 µM) and BCRP (IC50 = 11.7 µM), but at a clinically relevant concentration showed no inhibition of other transporters examined. M1 is a weak inhibitor of P-gp and BCRP.6. PBPK model of CC-223 and M1 was developed and verified using clinical results. Model based predictions of DDI with ketoconazole were in agreement with observed results enabling prospective predictions of DDIs between CC-223 and CYP3A4 inhibitors.