Abstract
BackgroundEnvironmental lodging stress, which is a result of numerous factors, is characterized by uncertainty. However, several studies related to lodging in cereal crops have reported that lodging in the Hippeastrum rutilum environment is very rare. Hippeastrum rutilum is a garden flower with high ornamental value and abundant germplasm resources. Under past cultivation practices, it was found that the plant types of ‘Red Lion’, with red flowers, and ‘Apple Blossom’, with pink flowers, are quite different. The leaves of ‘Red Lion’ are upright, while the leaves of ‘Apple Blossom’ show lodging, which seriously affects its ornamental value. The aims of this study were to compare the differences between the two varieties with leaf lodging and upright leaves according to morphological and physiological attributes. In this study, karyotype analysis and phenotypic morphological and physiological characteristics were compared to explore the differences between the two plant types.ResultsThe karyotype analysis of the two cultivars showed that their chromosome types were both tetraploid plants. The results showed that the lignin content in the leaves of ‘Red Lion’ was high, the cross-sectional structure of the leaf vascular bundle was more stable, and the chlorophyll content was high. In addition, significantly less energy was transferred to the electron transport chain (ETR) during the photoreaction. Similarly, the results regarding the maximum photosynthetic rate (Fv/Fm), nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) and effective quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry (△F/Fm′) all indicated that the photosynthetic capacity of “Red Lion” was greater than that of “Apple Blossom”, which was affected by leaf lodging. The size of the leaves was significantly smaller, and the leaf sag angle, leaf width, and leaf tip angle presented significantly lower values in ‘Red Lion’ than in ‘Apple Blossom’, which exhibits leaf sag. The difference in these factors may be the reason for the different phenotypes of the two cultivars.ConclusionThe results of this study proved that lodging affects the photosynthetic capacity of Hippeastrum rutilum and revealed some indexes that might be related to leaf lodging, laying a theoretical foundation for cultivating and improving new varieties.
Highlights
Environmental lodging stress, which is a result of numerous factors, is characterized by uncertainty
Under previous cultivation practices, it was found that the plant types of two cultivars of the species differ greatly
It was found that wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lodging resistance was significantly related to anatomical features such as the mechanical tissue, weight of low internodes, and width of stem walls [9]
Summary
Environmental lodging stress, which is a result of numerous factors, is characterized by uncertainty. It was found that the plant types of ‘Red Lion’, with red flowers, and ‘Apple Blossom’, with pink flowers, are quite different. ‘Red Lion’ (flower color is red) is a cultivar with upright leaves, and ‘Apple Blossom’ (flower color is pink) is a cultivar that is prone to leaf lodging. Lodging is a major integrated agronomic trait in plant growth and crop production It affects the yield, quality and mechanical harvesting efficiency of crops and vegetables and the ornamental quality of flowers and the type of plants [2, 3]. Lodging is regulated by a variety of factors, such as cultivation practices, the growth environment, nutritional conditions, exogenous material regulation, internal physiological structure, and genotypic differences [4,5,6,7]. Sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) of two genotypes with different susceptibilities to lodging are affected by crop population densities, moment of force failure and the function of the stem in plants [10]
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