Abstract
Despite clinical practice guidelines recommending against routine cancer screening in older adults with limited life expectancy, older adults are still frequently screened for breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers. To examine primary care clinicians' decision-making on stopping breast, colorectal, or prostate cancer screening in older adults with limited life expectancy. In qualitative interviews coupled with medical record-stimulated recall, clinicians from 17 academic and community clinics affiliated with a large health system were asked how they came to specific cancer screening decisions in 2 or 3 of their older patients with less than 10-year of estimated life expectancy, including patients with and without recent screening. Patients were surveyed by telephone. Data collection occurred between October 2018 and May 2019. Clinician interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were analyzed with qualitative content analysis to identify major themes. Patient surveys assessed perception of cancer screening decisions, importance of clinician recommendation, and willingness to stop screening. Twenty-five primary care clinicians (mean [SD] age, 47.1 [9.7] years; 14 female [56%]) discussed 53 patients during medical record-stimulated recall, ranging from 2 to 3 patients per clinician; 46 patients and 1 caregiver (mean [SD] age 74.9 [5.4]; 31 female [66%]) participated in the survey. Clinician interviews revealed 5 major themes: (1) cancer screening decisions were not always conscious, deliberate decisions; (2) electronic medical record alerts were connected with less deliberate decision-making; (3) cancer screening was not binary and clinicians often considered other options to scale back screening without actually stopping; (4) in addition to patient characteristics, clinicians were influenced by patient request and anecdotal experiences; and (5) influences outside of the primary care clinician-patient dyad were important, such as from specialists and patients' family or friends. Patient surveys asked approximately 64 cancer screening decisions of 47 patients. Patients did not recall approximately half (31 of 64) of their cancer screening decisions. Among those with recent screening, the mean score for willingness to stop screening was 3.2 (95% CI 2.5-3.9) on a 5-point Likert scale (with 1 indicating "extremely unlikely" and 5 indicating "extremely likely"). In most screening decisions that involved specialists (13 of 16), patients valued specialists' recommendations over those of primary care clinicians. Cancer screening decision-making is complex. Study findings suggest that strategies that facilitate more deliberate decision-making may be important in cancer screening of older adults with limited life expectancy.
Highlights
Clinician interviews revealed 5 major themes: (1) cancer screening decisions were not always conscious, deliberate decisions; (2) electronic medical record alerts were connected with less deliberate decision-making; (3) cancer screening was not binary and clinicians often considered other options to scale back screening without stopping; (4) in addition to patient characteristics, clinicians were influenced by patient request and anecdotal experiences; and (5) influences outside of the primary care clinician-patient dyad were important, such as from specialists and patients’ family or friends
Study findings suggest that strategies that facilitate more deliberate decision-making may be important in cancer screening of older adults with limited life expectancy
Meaning In this study, findings suggest that strategies to facilitate more deliberate decision-making may be important in cancer screening of older adults with limited life expectancy
Summary
Studies report that the benefits of screening for breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers may be delayed for up to 10 years while risks and burdens of screening occur in the short term.[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] Despite clinical practice guidelines recommending against routine cancer screening in older adults with less than 10 years of life expectancy,[9,10,11,12,13,14,15] these older adults often still receive screening, with rates as high as 55% in national studies.[16,17,18,19]Clinician recommendation is a substantial factor in patients’ cancer screening decisions.[19,20,21] studies have shown that clinicians were less likely to recommend screening if patients were older or experiencing poor health, a number of clinicians in these studies still recommended screening despite older age and poor health.[22,23,24,25,26] potential barriers to stopping screening when patients have limited life expectancy have been described,[27,28] such as difficulty in estimating life expectancy, validated prognostic tools[29] have not been associated with improvement in screening practices. Studies report that the benefits of screening for breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers may be delayed for up to 10 years while risks and burdens of screening occur in the short term.[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] Despite clinical practice guidelines recommending against routine cancer screening in older adults with less than 10 years of life expectancy,[9,10,11,12,13,14,15] these older adults often still receive screening, with rates as high as 55% in national studies.[16,17,18,19]. Better understanding of the range of factors, including facilitators as well as barriers, associated with clinician recommendation of screening cessation, and how clinicians weigh these factors is key to informing interventions to reduce overscreening. Previous research often relied on the use of hypothetical scenarios which may not reflect actual decision-making and behavior.[22,23,26,30,31,32] In addition, as the decision to stop screening involves interaction between clinicians and patients, simultaneous investigation of both perspectives can offer important insights but has not been previously examined
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