Abstract
The present work deals with the preparation of chemically and enzymatically eugenol-modified chitosan and its application as a green coating on viscose for the potential production of medical textiles. The elemental composition of chemically and enzymatically eugenol-modified chitosan was determined by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. Moreover, potentiometric titration was used to estimate the number of accessible amino groups. The chitosan–eugenol formulation possesses a high antioxidant capacity level, as shown by the high content of phenolic compounds analyzed by the following methods: (a) Folin–Ciocalteu; (b) reduction of Fe3+ ions; and (c) α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•). Viscose coated with chitosan–eugenol formulations was evaluated by ATR FT-IR spectroscopy and Acid Orange VII spectrophotometric methods, the results of which demonstrated the successful deposition of these formulations on the fibers. Scanning electron microscopy showed the presence of the functional coating on the viscose. Finally, antimicrobial testing was performed to determine inhibition of selected pathogenic micro-organisms using the ASTM E 2149-01 standard. The antioxidant activity of the functionalized viscose was investigated spectrophotometrically by the DPPH• method. It was found that the coatings of eugenol-modified chitosan impart antimicrobial activity to the viscose against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi, and cause inhibition of free radicals by introducing an antioxidant character. The chemical and enzymatic modification of chitosan offers many opportunities for the incorporation of many natural active ingredients into the chitosan system, which provides a good basis for further work related to the functionalization of chitosan for sanitary and medical use.
Highlights
The present work deals with the preparation of chemically and enzymatically eugenol-modified chitosan and its application as a green coating on viscose for the potential production of medical textiles
The results show that all functionalized viscose samples, except for the viscose functionalized with chitosan (VIS/CH) (65%), showed a high reduction of the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus up to 75% (Table 1), which is the limit for successful inhibition.[1,2]
The success of the newly formed synergistic formulations was investigated and confirmed using a combination of spectroscopic methods (ATR FT-IR, 1H NMR, UV/VIS), potentiometric titration and methods for evaluation and detection of antioxidative efficacy (FC, DPPH, Fe3þ reduction). These two chitosan–eugenol formulations were applied in the form of colloidal solutions as green coatings on viscose fibers
Summary
The present work deals with the preparation of chemically and enzymatically eugenol-modified chitosan and its application as a green coating on viscose for the potential production of medical textiles. As a natural antimicrobial agent, chitosan is often used for this purpose.[1,2,3] Numerous attempts to use chitosan extend to the areas of wound healing, including burns and skin flora protection.[4,5] chitosan has excellent properties, such as good adhesion, biodegradability and antimicrobial activity,[6] its antioxidant activity is poor.[7,8,9] The antioxidant activity is a valued property in healing processes as it reduces the inflammatory response.[10] Many authors emphasize the importance of modifying chitosan to achieve increased antioxidant activity of this natural polymer.[11,12,13] chitosan shows selective antimicrobial activity It works well against Gram-positive bacteria, but it works worse against Gram-negative bacteria. Chitosan has been functionalized with various phenolic compounds (tannic acid and quercetin,[38] ferulic acid and ethyl ferulate[39] and gallic acid (GA)40) using laccase to improve the antioxidant and/or antimicrobial property
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