Abstract
The cockle Cerastoderma edule was exposed to four concentrations (5, 10, 20 and 70 μg L-1) of carbamazepine (CBZ). This anticonvulsant was found to alter the mussel behavior of by reducing its clearance rate (CR). Analysis of CBZ accumulation in tissues of C. edule was carried out using HPLC-UV after 48 or 96 hours of exposure. In addition, an overproduction of H2O2 by the bivalves was detected following exposure to CBZ but nitrite levels remained unchanged. Moreover, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities showed a significant increase in relation to their contact with CBZ. The activity of the biotransformation enzyme gluthatione-S-transferase did not change during exposure. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels indicating cellular damage, increased when bivalves were exposed to 20 and 70 μg l-1 of carbamazepine for 96 h CBZ. The results also indicate that acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) was inhibited in all CBZ concentrations during the 48 h exposure period. However, during the 96 h exposure period, AChE was only inhibited at the highest concentration. Further studies are needed now for more exploration of the toxicity of CBZ since it could be bioaccumulable throughout the food web and may affect non-target organisms.
Highlights
IntroductionA large variety of contaminants (e.g., industrial additives, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, steroids) have been identified in wastewater and surface waters (Noguera-Oviedo and Aga, 2016)
A large variety of contaminants have been identified in wastewater and surface waters (Noguera-Oviedo and Aga, 2016)
We investigated the effects of CBZ on bivalves (C. edule) in the laboratory by using a multi-biomarker approach (Khazri et al, 2018; Oliveira et al, 2017; Almeida et al, 2015)
Summary
A large variety of contaminants (e.g., industrial additives, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, steroids) have been identified in wastewater and surface waters (Noguera-Oviedo and Aga, 2016). Pharmaceuticals and their metabolites can reach water bodies through effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), sewage systems, industrial discharge, aquaculture, and agriculture (Sui et al, 2015). These drugs are not completely removed by WWTPs and, after the effluent is discharged into the wider environment, they may have direct effects. Recent progress in analytical techniques has allowed a more accurate identification and quantification of these molecules in water, soil, and biota
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