Abstract
The article is focused on concentration of cadmium in maize and millet collected in 2018-2019 from different district (Sargodha, Faisalabad, Sheikhupura, Lahore and Kasur) of Punjab under different irrigation sources Canal and wastewater. The values of Bioconcentration factor, Translocation factor, Pollution load index, Daily intake of metal, Health Risk Index and Enrichment factor were studied to evaluate the effect of heavy metal accumulation on grains quality and human health. Most of the metals observed in wastewater were present in high amount. Cd concentration increased considerably under wastewater irrigation in soil (1.06 mg/kg) and grains (1.05 mg/kg). Cd showed highest bioconcentration (3.82 mg/kg) in canal water. Wastewater irrigated soil exhibited the maximum Pollution Load Index (PLI) values as compared to control treatment. Under the influence of wastewater irrigation, Cd concentration increased considerably in soil and grains. The purpose of study is the labeling of Maize and Millets species of the area according to their toxicity/desirability for use as human food and fodder.
Highlights
Irrigation of the crops which is carried out by the wastewater affects the crops and soil properties negatively
Crops cultivated by the wastewater contain different types of nutrients some are beneficial to grow crops and contain very harmful substances involving heavy metal such as chromium, lead, cadmium, and nickel which accumulated in environment and lead to damaging effects in living beings [6]
Health risk index (HRI) = Daily intake of metals The (DIM) / RfD DIM = Daily intake of heavy metal RfD = Oral reference dose An HRI > 1.0 for any single metal indicates that the health of consumer population is at risk or it is carcinogenic [23]
Summary
Irrigation of the crops which is carried out by the wastewater affects the crops and soil properties negatively. Among the prevalent cereals Maize (Zea mays) is of significant importance as it provides the source of food and protein for human and animals in several ways. It is used for maize grains and silage for animals to use for food. It was revealed by different studies that the crops which were grown by the wastewater absorb the heavy metal to such an extent that their amount grows higher than the prescribed limit affecting the consumers hazardously [12]. The aim of study is to determine the concentration of heavy metals in water, soil, plants (maize and millet) irrigated with different sources of water
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